proposal 写作.docx

proposal 写作.docx

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proposal写作

Whenyouareapplyingforaresearchdegree,likethePhD,youwillveryprobablyhavetowritearesearchproposalasapartofyourapplicationfile.APhDisawardedmainlyastheresultofyourmakingagenuinecontributiontothestateofknowledgeinafieldofyourchoice.EventhoughthisisnottheNobelPrizeyet,gettingthedegreemeansyouhaveaddedsomethingtowhathaspreviouslybeenknownonthesubjectyouhaveresearched.Butfirstyouhavetoproveyouarecapableofmakingsuchacontribution,andthereforewritearesearchproposalthatmeetscertainstandards.Thegoalofaresearchproposal（RP）istopresentandjustifyaresearchideayouhaveandtopresentthepracticalwaysinwhichyouthinkthisresearchshouldbeconducted.

WhenyouarewritingaRP,keepinmindthatitwillenteracompetition,beingreadinlinewithquiteafewotherRPs.Youhavetocomeupwithadocumentthathasanimpactuponthereader:

writeclearlyandwellstructuredsothatyourmessagegetsacrosseasily.Basically,yourRPhastoanswerthreebigquestions:

whatresearchprojectwillyouundertake,whyisimportanttoknowthatthingandhowwillyouproceedtomakethatresearch.

Inordertodrawtheresearcher'sattentionuponyourpaper,writeanintroductionwithimpact,andthatleadstotheformulationofyourhypothesis.Theresearchhypothesishastobespecific,concise（onephrase）andtoleadtotheadvancementoftheknowledgeinthefieldinsomeway.Writingthehypothesisinaconcisemannerand,first,comingupwithagoodhypothesisisadifficultmission.Thisisactuallythecoreofyourapplication:

you'regoingtoauniversitytodothisverypieceofresearch.Comparedtothis,therestoftheapplicationisbackgroundscenery.Takeyourtimetothinkofit.Whenyouhaveanidea,becarefulattheformulation.Awell-writtenhypothesisissomethingofanessay'sthesis:

itprovidesastatementthatcanbetested（arguesaheadoneofthepossibleanswerstoaproblem）,itisanidea,aconcept,andnotamerefact,andissummedupinonephrase.Insomecases,youwillhavenoideawhatthepossibleanswertoaproblemworthbeingresearchedis,butyouwillbeabletothinkofawaytosolvethatproblem,andfindouttheanswerinthemeantime.It'sokinthiscase,toformulatearesearchquestion,ratherthanahypothesis.Letthosecasesberare,inanyway.

Anotherpieceofadvicewhenwritingyourhypothesis,regardingthetrendyresearchfields:

chancesaregreatthatthey'retrendybecausesomebodyhasalreadymadethatexcitingdiscovery,orwrotethatsplendidpaperthatawokeeverybody'sinterestinthefirstplace.Ifyou'reinoneofthesefields,trytogetafreshpointofviewuponthesubject;makenewconnections,don'tbe100%mainstream.Thiswillmaketheprojectevenmorestimulatingforthereader.Imaginethatyouarewritingaboutthetrendiestsubject,withabsolutelynochangeinthepointofview,andyouaregiventhechancetomaketheresearch.Trendscomeandgo,fast;whatarethechancesthat,infouryears'time,whenyourresearchisdoneandyouarereadytopublishyourresults,oneofthosewell-knownprofessorswhodisposeofhugeresearchgrantshasalreadysaidwhateveryouhadtosay?

Rememberhow,inastructuredessay,rightafterthethesisyouwouldpresenttheorganizationofyouressay,byenumeratingthemainargumentsyouweregoingtopresent?

SamethingshouldhappeninaRP.Afterstatingyourthesis,youshouldgiveashortaccountofyouranswerstothosethreequestionsmentionearlier.State,inafewphrases,whatwillbelearnedfromyourresearch,thatyourprojectwillmakeadifference,andwhyisthatimportanttobeknown.Youwillhavetoelaborateonbothoftheselaterinthepaper.

Thenextstepinwritingyourproposalistoprovethatthatparticularpieceofresearchhasnotbeendoneyet.ThissectionisusuallycalledLiteratureReview.Insideit,youhavetoenumerateandcriticallyanalyzeanimpressivelistofboringbibliography.Theconclusionyoushould-objectively!

-Reachisthatyourideaofresearchhasnotbeenundertakenyet.Evenmore,youusethisopportunitytoprovesolidtheoreticalknowledgeinthefield,andbuildthetheoreticalbasesofyourproject.Onetip:

don'treviewallthearticlesandbooksinthefieldsevenifyoumentiontheminthebibliographylist;payattentioninyouranalysistothoseyouwillbuildon.Anotherone:

avoidjargonwhenwritingyourRP.Thechancesaregreatthattheperson（s）whowillreadyourandanother1000researchproposalsarenotspecialistsinthatveryfield-nicheyouareexamining.Ifyouareapplyingforagrantwithorfoundationorsomethingsimilar,itmighthappenthatthosereadingyourpaperarenotevenprofessors,butrecruiters,donors,etc.Andeveniftheyactuallyareprofessors,oneofthereasonsbusypeoplelikethemagreetoundertakeahuge,andsometimesvoluntary,work,isthedesiretomeetsomediversity,somechangefromtheirwork-somaybethey'llreadapplicationsforanotherspecialization.Thecapacitytogetyourmessageacrossinclear,easy-to-graspconceptsandphrasesisoneofthewinningpapers'mostimportantadvantages.

Sofar,youhaveprovenyouhavearesearchidea,thatyouarefamiliarwiththefield,andthatyourideaisnew.Now,whyshouldyourprojectbeworthresearching?

Becauseitadvancesknowledge,ok.Butisthisknowledgethatanybodywillneed?

MaybenobodyknowsforsurehowtheshoelaceswerebeingtiedintheXIXthcentury,butwhocares,beyondtwolace-tyingspecialists?

Findargumentstoconvincethereaderthats/heshouldgiveyoumoneyforthatresearch:

practicaluse,acceleratingthedevelopmentofknowledgeinyourorotherfields,openingnewresearchpossibilities,abetterunderstandingoffactsthatwillallowamoreappropriatecourseofactionarepossiblereasons.Beclearandspecific.Don'tpromisetosavetheworld;itmightbetoomuchtostartwith.EvenJamesBondsucceedsthatonlytowardstheendofthemovie.

Weapproachnowoneofthemostdifficultpartsofwritingaresearchproposal:

themethodology.Inshort,whatactionsareyougoingtotakeinordertoanswerthequestion?

Whenwillyouknowwhetherthehypothesishasbeenprovenwrong,orhassurvivedenoughteststobeconsidered,fornow,valid?

Thosetestsandthewayyouaresupposedtohandlethemtogiverigortoyourresearchiswhatisunderstoodundermethods.Methodsdivideinqualitative（interviews,questionnaires）andquantitative（statistics,stuffthatdealsintensivelywithnumbers）.Forsomeprojectsqualitativemethodsaremoreappropriate,forsomequantitative,whileformostamixtureofthetwoisadequate.Youshouldpickyourmethodsandjustifyyourchoice.Researchmethodology,however,istooacomplicatedthingtobeexplainedhere.Andthisiswhyit'ssotough:

notmuchattentionisgiventoteachingitinEasternEurope.Try,beforewritingyourRP,toreadabitmoreaboutmethodology-ontheInternetyouwillfindforsuresomearticles-anddecidewhichmethodssuityourprojectbest.Don'tforget:

readingtheoreticalpiecesofyourworkandprovidingacriticalanalysisofthoseisalsoakindofresearch.It'sfinetoprovidearoughscheduleofyourresearch;somegrantprogramswillalsorequireadetailedbudget,eventhoughforscholarshipsthisisunlikely.

Conclusions:

Afterworkingyourwaythroughthedifficultmethodologicalpart,youonlyhavetowriteyourconclusions.Shortlyrecapwhyyourhypothesisisnew,whyitadvancesknowledge,whyisitworthresearchingandhow,fromapracticalpointofview,areyougoingtodothat.Overall,thecapacityofyourprojecttoanswertheresearchquestionshouldcomeoutcrystalclearfromthebodyofthepaper,andespeciallyfromtheconclusions.Ifthishappens,itmeansyouhaveawell-writtenRP,andyouhavejustincreasedyouchancesforhavingasuccessfulapplication.

Onelastword:

howbigshouldyourRPbe?

Inmostcases,thisisspecifiedintheapplicationform.Ifitisnot,wesuggestthatyoukeepitatabout1500words（that's3pages,single-spaced,with12sizeTimesNewRoman）.InfewerwordsitcanbereallytoughtowriteagoodRP.Withmoreyoumightboreyourreaders.Whichwehopewillnothappen.

Goodluck!

ResearchProposal

（1）:

Qualitativeorientation

CrystalLohWaiYing;M.PhilProposal;

Dept.ofSociology,HKU.

（I）ProposedTitle

（II）Introduction

（III）BriefLiteratureReview

EnvironmentalVariablesandCrime

RationalChoice

CrimePreventionThroughEnvironmentDesign（CPTED）

（IV）Methodology

ParticipantObservation

IndividualInterviews

CommunityObservation

AnalysisofOfficial/UnofficialStatistic

（V）ProposedResearchTime-Table

（VI）References

（I）ProposedTitle

TheRelationshipbetweenJuvenileDelinquencyandEnvironmentalVariablesinNewTown,TuenMun

（II）Introduction

TheproblemofjuveniledelinquencyinTuenMun'snewtown'hasbecomemoreandmorealarminginrecentyears.Accordingtorecentpolicestatistics,thefigureof662recordedjuvenilearrestsinTuenMunwasthehighestamongallpolicedistrictsintheterritoryinthefirsthalfof1996.Suchfiguresraisepublicconcernabouttheoccurrenceofjuveniledelinquencyinthecontextofplannedhousinginthenewtowns.Anumberofquestionsarise,suchas:

"WhydoesTuenMunsuffermoreJuvenileDelinquencythanotherplaces?

";"IstheenvironmentofTuenMunmorefavorableforJuvenileDelinquencythanotherplaces?

"and"Howfardotheenvironmentalfeaturesinfluencethechancesofdelinquencyoccurring?

".Hence,thefollowinghypothesiswillbeexaminedinmyproposedstudy:

“TheenvironmentofTuenMun'snew