研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 8 Writing Abstract.docx

研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 8 Writing Abstract.docx

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研究生学术英语写作教程Unit8WritingAbstract

Unit8WritingAbstract

Objectives

-Learnthepurposeofwritinganacademicabstract

-Gettounderstanddifferenttypesofabstractsandtheabstractelements

-UnderstandfeaturesofacademicEnglishinwritinganabstract

-Learnhowtowriteanacademicabstract

-Learnhowtowritekeywords

Contents

-Teacher’sintroduction

-Readinganddiscussion:

Whatisanacademicabstract?

Whataretheelementsofanabstract?

-Languagefocus:

commonlyusedverbsandtenses;sentencepatterns

-Rewritingpractice:

understanddifferentstylesofacademicabstracts

-Rewritingpractice:

understandtheelementsofanacademicabstract

-Writingpractice:

writeanabstractandkeywordsbasedonthegivenmaterial

1.ReadingActivity

1.1Pre-readingTask

Abstractisanimportantpartofacademicassignments,mostoften,reportsandresearchpapers.Theabstractisthelastitemthatyouwrite,butthefirstthingpeoplereadwhentheywanttohaveaquickoverviewofthewholepaper.Wesuggestthatyouleaveabstractwritingtotheend,becauseyouwillhaveaclearerpictureofallyourfindingsandconclusions.

Beforeyoulearnthedetailedstepstowriteanabstract,pleasediscussthefollowingquestions:

Whatisthepurposeofwritinganabstract?

Whatarethebasicelementsforanacademicabstract?

Whatlanguageproblemsmayyouhaveinabstractwriting?

（Forexample:

thewordingproblem,thetenseproblemandthevoiceproblem,etc.）

1.2ReadingPassage

SampleAbstract1

Thisdissertationexaminestheimpactsofsocialmovementsthroughamulti-layeredstudyoftheMississippiCivilRightsMovementfromitspeakintheearly1960sthroughtheearly1980s.Byexaminingthishistoricallyimportantcase,thewriterclarifiestheprocessbywhichmovementstransformsocialstructuresandtheconstraintswhentheytrytodoso.Thetimeperiodstudiedincludestheexpansionofvotingrightsandgainsinblackpoliticalpower,thedesegregationofpublicschoolsandtheemergenceofwhite-flightacademies,andtheriseandfalloffederalanti-povertyprograms.Twomajorresearchstrategieswereused:

（1）aquantitativeanalysisofcounty-leveldataand

（2）threecasestudies.Datahavebeencollectedfromarchives,interviews,newspapers,andpublishedreports.Thisdissertationchallengestheargumentthatmovementsareinconsequential.Someviewfederalagencies,courts,politicalparties,oreconomicelitesastheagentsdrivinginstitutionalchange,buttypicallythesegroupsactedinresponsetotheleveragebroughttobearbythecivilrightsmovement.TheMississippimovementattemptedtoforgeindependentstructuresforsustainingchallengestolocalinequitiesandinjustices.Bypropellingchangeinanarrayoflocalinstitutions,movementinfrastructureshadanenduringlegacyinMississippi.

（KennethTaitAndrews,“‘Freedomisaconstantstruggle’:

ThedynamicsandconsequencesoftheMississippiCivilRightsMovement,1960-1984″Ph.D.StateUniversityofNewYorkatStonyBrook,1997DAI-A59/02,p.620,Aug1998）

1.3ReadingComprehension

1.3.1Whatdoestheabstracttalkabout?

Whatthestudydoes

Howthestudydoesit

Whatmaterialsareused

Conclusion

1.3.2Decidehowmanyelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.

Elements

Functions

2LanguageFocus

2.1Commonlyusedverbsandtensesinabstracts

Readthefollowingsampleabstractandpayattentiontotheverbsusedinit.

Sampleabstract2

Cybercrime–crimeontheInternet–isofgrowingconcerninthebusinesscommunity.DespiteUKGovernmentinitiatives（suchasBS7799）andgrowingsalesinsoftwaresolutions（e.g.anti-virussoftware）,cyberattacksareontheincrease.Thisdissertationfocusesonwaystoassesstheeffectivenessofcurrentpreventativemeasurestocybercrimeandtounderstandwhyorganizationscontinuetobevulnerabletocybercrime.Thisdissertationmetthesetwinresearchaimsthroughanextensivestudyofrelevantliteratureandtheimplementationofpracticalresearch.ThelatterwascarriedoutthroughaCaseStudywithCompanyXXXusingsemi-structuredinterviewswithkeyI.T.securitypersonnel.Thisresearchproducedanumberofkeyfindings:

recentsurveysconfirmasignificantincreaseintheincidencesofcybercrimeandtheirimpactonthebusinesscommunitybutalsothetypesofcybercrime（viruses,hacking,spam,identitytheft,fraud,privacyissues,webvandalism,etc.）;organizationslackedthesecurityexpertisetodealwithcybercrimeandsodependedtoomuchonreadilyavailabletechnicalwaystocombatcybercrime（andfailing）;organizationswerenotawareofGovernmentrecommendationsonhowtoaddressInternet-basedsecurityissues;andGovernmentsandlawenforcementagenciestendedtolocalizecybercrime,allocatingscantresourcestocontributingtoaglobalsolution.Themainconclusionsdrawnfromthisresearchwerethatcurrentapproachestofightingcybercrimearedeficientbecausetheyfailtoembraceaholisticapproach,insteadoptingforanarrowlocalsoftware-basedfocus,andthatalackofcommunicationbetweenmajorstakeholdersatlocal,nationalandinternationallevelhashinderedsecuritydevelopment.Thisresearcharguesforamulti-prongedmodeltoreduceincidencesofcybercrime.IttakesintoaccountRisk-Assessmentmodels,localmanagementofcompanypolicies,implementationissues（includingproperresourcingandreviewpolicies）,theneedforglobalsupportinfrastructures,andameansoffosteringcommunicationnetworks.

（http:

//www.ukdissertation.co.uk/Dissertation_Abstract.htm）

Verbs

Sentencepatterns

2.2Moreverbsandsentencespatterns

Categories

Verbs

Sentencepatterns

Background

review，

summarize，

present，

...

Thetheorycomes/stems/emerges/originatesfrom…

Thetheoryisobtained/provided/furnishedfrom…

Aim

attempt，

purpose，

aim,

...

Thispaperdevelopsatheoreticalframeworkto…

Thispaperpresentsanapproachto…

Thisreport（thesis,presentation,document,account…）explains（outlines，summaries，evaluates，surveys，develops，investigates，discusses，focuseson，…）theresultsof…

Researchfocus（es）

Study,

present,

include,

...

Thechiefaim（mainpurpose,primaryobject,majorobjective,principal,goal）ofthestudyis…

Researchprocess

test，

study，

investigate，

...

Theyputforward（developed,proposed）thistheory,whichisbased（advanced,suggested,created,constructed,formulated,elaborated）on.../restson,（proceedsfrom）...

method

measure，

estimate，

calculate,

...

Thecurativeeffect（sensitivity,function）ofcertaindrug（kit,organ）wasobserved（detected,studied）.

2.2Verbtensesinabstracts

Typeofinformation

Verbform

（tenseorcommonlyoccurringverbs）

Examples

givingbackgrounddetails

presenttense

Theindustryisalreadywellknownforitseffortstoimprovetheeco-efficiencyofitsprocesses

describingtheresearchactivity

simplepasttense,presentperfecttense

Thestudyfocusedon2mainareas

Theframeworkforlifecycleanalysishasbeendeveloped

describingthemethods

simplepasttense（activeorpassive）

Wecarriedoutaseriesoffieldtests

Alargenumberofsamplesweretestedforfracturing

reportingresults

simplepasttense

Resultsindicatedthattheproblemisevenmoreseriousthanpreviouslypredicted

Thethirdmodelprovedtobemoredurablethantheotherfour

statingconclusions

presenttense

verbsindicatingtentativeness:

∙ispossible

∙islikely

∙appears

∙seems

∙might

modalauxiliaryverbs

can,may,could,

might

Thisindicatesthatthereare,infact,severalfactorscontributingtothedecrease

Itappearsthattheincidenceofhumanerrorcannotbeeliminatedatanystage

Theremightbeaneedforrevisingthelistofcriteriawithinthenext5-10years

Readtheabstractaboveagainandcheckthetensesintheabstract.

Elements

Verbtenses

Examples

Element1

Element2

Element3

Element4

Element5

3WritingPractice

3.1Abstractwritingpractice

3.1.1Whydowecareabouttheproblemandtheresults?

Iftheproblemisnotobviously"interesting",itmightbebettertoputmotivationfirst;butifyourworkisincrementalprogressonaproblemthatiswidelyrecognizedasimportant,thenitisprobablybettertoputtheproblemstatementfirsttoindicatewhichpieceofthelargerproblemyouarebreakingofftoworkon.Thissectionshouldincludetheimportanceofyourwork,thedifficultyofthearea,andtheimpactitmighthaveifsuccessful.ReadthefollowingparagraphandwritedowntheMotivationintheblank.

Areviewofgroundwaterremediationinusetodayshowsthatnewtechniquesarerequiredtosolvetheproblemsofpumpandtreat,containmentandin-situtreatment.Onesuchtechniqueisthemethodthatinvolvestheuseofpermeabletreatmentwalls.Thesemethodsuseareactivemediumsuchasirontoremediatecontaminatedgroundwater.

3.1.2Whatproblemareyoutryingtosolve?

Whatisthescopeofyourwork（ageneralizedapproach,orforaspecificsituation）?

Becarefulnottousetoomuchjargon.Insomecasesitisappropriatetoputtheproblemstatementbeforethemotivation,butusuallythisonlyworksifmostreadersalreadyunderstandwhytheproblemisimportant.Readthefollowingparagraphandwritetheproblem（aim）intheblank.

Severalmethodsofimplementingthisremediationstrategyhavebeendescribed.Thesemethodsincludeinjectionandtrenching.TheuseofafunnelandgatesystemviaatrenchhasbeenexaminedindetailusingagroundwatermodelingoptionoftheFLACprogram.

3.1.3Howdidyougoaboutsolvingormakingprogressontheproblem?

Didyouusesimulation,analyticmode