毕业设计中英文翻译.docx

毕业设计中英文翻译.docx

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毕业设计中英文翻译

1Introductionandscope

1.1AimsoftheManual

ThisManualprovidesguidanceonthedesignofreinforcedandprestressedconcretebuildingstructures.StructuresdesignedinaccordancewiththisManualwillnormallycomplywithDDENV1992-1-1:

19921（hereinafterreferredtoasEC2）.

1.2Eurocodesystem

ThestructuralEurocodeswereinitiatedbytheEuropeanCommissionbutarenowproducedbytheComitéEuropéendeNormalisation（CEN）whichistheEuropeanstandardsorganization,itsmembersbeingthenationalstandardsbodiesoftheEUandEFTAcountries,e.g.BSI.

CENwilleventuallypublishthesedesignstandardsasfullEuropeanStandardsEN（Euronorms）,butinitiallytheyarebeingissuedasPrestandardsENV.NormallyanENVhasalifeofabout3yearstopermitfamiliarizationandtrialuseofthestandardbymemberstates.Afterformalvotingbythememberbodies,ENVsareconvertedintoENstakingintoaccountthenationalcommentsontheENVdocument.AtpresentthefollowingEurocodepartshavebeenpublishedasENVsbutasyetnonehasbeenconvertedtoanEN:

DDENV1991-1-1:

Basisofdesignandactionsonstructures（EC1）

DDENV1992-1-1:

Designofconcretestructures（EC2）

DDENV1993-1-1:

Designofsteelstructures（EC3）

DDENV1994-1-1:

Designofcompositesteelandconcretestructures（EC4）

DDENV1995-1-1:

Designoftimberstructures（EC5）

DDENV1996-1-1:

Designofmasonrystructures（EC6）

DDENV1997-1-1:

Geotechnicaldesign（EC7）

DDENV1998-1-1:

Earthquakeresistantdesignofstructures（EC8）

DDENV1999-1-1:

Designofaluminiumalloystructures（EC9）

EachEurocodeispublishedinanumberofparts,usuallywith‘Generalrules’and‘Rulesforbuildings’inPart1.ThevariouspartsofEC2are:

Part1.1Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings;

Part1.2Supplementaryrulesforstructuralfiredesign;

Part1.3Supplementaryrulesforprecastconcreteelementsandstructures;

Part1.4Supplementaryrulesfortheuseoflightweightaggregateconcrete;

Part1.5Supplementaryrulesfortheuseofunbondedandexternalprestressingtendons;

Part1.6Supplementaryrulesforplainorlightlyreinforcedconcretestructures;

Part2.0Reinforcedandprestressedconcretebridges;

Part3.0Concretefoundations;

Part4.0Liquidretainingandcontainmentstructures.

AllEurocodesfollowacommoneditorialstyle.Thecodescontain‘Principles’and‘Applicationrules’.Principlesaregeneralstatements,definitions,requirementsandsometimesanalyticalmodels.AlldesignsmustcomplywiththePrinciples,andnoalternativeispermitted.

Applicationrulesarerulescommonlyadoptedindesign.TheyfollowthePrinciplesandsatisfytheirrequirements.AlternativerulesmaybeusedprovidedthatcompliancewiththePrinciplescanbedemonstrated.

SomeparametersinEurocodesaredesignatedby|_|,commonlyreferredtoasboxedvalues.TheboxedvaluesintheCodesareindicativeguidancevalues.Eachmemberstateisrequiredtofixtheboxedvalueapplicablewithinitsjurisdiction.SuchinformationwouldbefoundintheNationalApplicationDocument（NAD）whichispublishedaspartofeachENV.

TherearealsootherpurposesforNADs.NADismeanttoprovideoperationalinformationtoenabletheENVtobeused.Forcertainaspectsofthedesign,theENVmayrefertonationalstandardsortoCENstandardinpreparationorISOstandards.TheNADismeanttoprovideappropriateguidanceincludingmodificationsrequiredtomaintaincompatibilitybetweenthedocuments.VeryoccasionallytheNADmightrewriteparticularclausesofthecodeintheinterestofsafetyoreconomy.Thisishoweverrare.

1.3ScopeoftheManual

TherangeofstructuresandstructuralelementscoveredbytheManualislimitedtobuildingstructuresthatdonotrelyonbendingincolumnsfortheirresistancetohorizontalforcesandarealsonon-sway.Thiswillbefoundtocoverthevastmajorityofallreinforcedandprestressedconcretebuildingstructures.InusingtheManualthefollowingshouldbenoted:

•TheManualhasbeendraftedtocomplywithENV1992-1-1togetherwiththeUKNAD

•AlthoughBritishStandardshavebeenreferencedasloadingcodesinSections3and6,tocomplywiththeUKNAD,theManualcanbeusedinconjunctionwithotherloadingcodes

•Thestructuresarebracedandnon-sway

•Theconcreteisofnormalweight

•Thestructureispredominantlyinsitu

•Prestressedconcretemembershavebondedorunbondedinternaltendons

•TheManualcanbeusedinconjunctionwithallcommonlyusedmaterialsinconstruction;howeverthedatagivenarelimitedtothefollowing:

–concreteuptocharacteristiccylinderstrengthof50N/mm2（cubestrength60

）

–high-tensilereinforcementwithcharacteristicstrengthof460

–mild-steelreinforcementwithcharacteristicstrengthof250

–prestressingtendonswith7-wirelow-relaxation（Class2）strands

•Highductility（ClassH）hasbeenassumedfor:

–allribbedbarsandgrade250bars,and

–ribbedwireweldedfabricinwiresizesof6mmorover

•Normalductility（ClassN）hasbeenassumedforplainorindentedwireweldedfabric.ForstructuresorelementsoutsidethisscopeEC2shouldbeused.

1.4ContentsoftheManual

TheManualcoversthefollowingdesignstages:

•generalprinciplesthatgovernthedesignofthelayoutofthestructure

•initialsizingofmembers

•estimatingofquantitiesofreinforcementandprestressingtendons

•finaldesignofmembers.

2Generalprinciples

Thissectionoutlinesthegeneralprinciplesthatapplytobothinitialandfinaldesignofbothreinforcedandprestressedconcretebuildingstructures,andstatesthedesignparametersthatgovernalldesignstages.

2.1General

Oneengineershouldberesponsiblefortheoveralldesign,includingstability,andshouldensurethecompatibilityofthedesignanddetailsofpartsandcomponentsevenwheresomeorallofthedesignanddetailsofthosepartsandcomponentsarenotmadebythesameengineer.

Thestructureshouldbesoarrangedthatitcantransmitdead,windandimposedloadsinadirectmannertothefoundations.Thegeneralarrangementshouldensurearobustandstablestructurethatwillnotcollapseprogressivelyundertheeffectsofmisuseoraccidentaldamagetoanyoneelement.

Theengineershouldconsiderengineersiteconstraints,buildability2,maintainabilityanddecommissioning.

Theengineershouldtakeaccountofhisresponsibilitiesasa‘Designer’undertheConstruction（Design&Management）Regulations.3

2.2Stability

Lateralstabilityintwoorthogonaldirectionsshouldbeprovidedbyasystemofstrongpointswithinthestructuresoastoproduceabracednon-swaystructure,inwhichthecolumnswillnotbesubjecttosignificantswaymoments.Strongpointscangenerallybeprovidedbythecorewallsenclosingthestairs,liftsandserviceducts.Additionalstiffnesscanbeprovidedbyshearwallsformedfromagableendorfromsomeotherexternalorinternalsubdividingwall.Thecoreandshearwallsshouldpreferablybedistributedthroughoutthestructureandsoarrangedthattheircombinedshearcentreislocatedapproximatelyonthelineoftheresultantinplanoftheappliedoverturningforces.Wherethisisnotpossible,theresultingtwistingmomentsmustbeconsideredwhencalculatingtheloadcarriedbyeachstrongpoint.Thesewallsshouldgenerallybeofreinforcedconcretenotlessthan180mmthicktofacilitateconcreting,buttheymaybeof215mmbrickworkor190mmsolidblockworkproperlytiedandpinneduptotheframingforlow-tomedium-risebuildings.

Strongpointsshouldbeeffectivethroughoutthefullheightofthebuilding.Ifitisessentialforstrongpointstobediscontinuousatonelevel,provisionmustbemadetotransfertheforcestootherverticalcomponents.

Itisessentialthatfloorsbedesignedtoactashorizontaldiaphragms,particularlyifprecastunitsareused.

Whereastructureisdividedbyexpansionjointseachpartshouldbestructurallyindependentanddesignedtobestableandrobustwithoutrelyingonthestabilityofadjacentsections.

2.3Robustness

Allmembersofthestructureshouldbeeffectivelytiedtogetherinthelongitudinal,transverseandverticaldirections.

Awell-designedandwell-detailedcast-insitustructurewillnormallysatisfythedetailedtyingrequirementssetoutinsubsection5.11.

Elementswhosefailurewouldcausecollapseofmorethanalimitedpartofthestructureadjacenttothemshouldbeavoided.Wherethisisnotpossible,alternativeloadpathsshouldbeidentifiedortheelementinquestionstrengthened.

2.4Movementjoints

Movementjointsmayneedtobeprovidedtominimizetheeffectsofmovementscausedby,forexample,shrinkage,temperaturevariations,creepandsettlement.

Theeffectivenessofmovementjointsdependsontheirlocation.Movementjointsshoulddividethestructureintoanumberofindividualsections,andshouldpassthroughthewholestructureabovegroundlevelinoneplane.Thestructureshouldbeframedonbothsidesofthejoint.SomeexamplesofpositioningmovementjointsinplanaregiveninFig.2.1.

Movementjointsmayalsoberequiredwherethereisasignificantchangeinthetypeoffoundationortheheightofthestructure.ForreinforcedconcreteframestructuresinUKconditions,movementjointsatleast25mmwideshouldnormallybeprovidedatapproximately50mcentresbothlongitudinallyandtransversely.Inthetopstoreyandforopenbuildingsandexposedslabsadditionaljointsshouldnormallybeprovidedtogiveapproximately25mspacing.Jointspacinginexposedparapetsshouldbeapproximately12m.

Jointsshouldbeincorporatedinthefinishesandinthecladdingatthemovementjointlocations.

2.5Fireresistanceanddurability

Fortherequiredperio