APA正文格式样例.docx
《APA正文格式样例.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《APA正文格式样例.docx(10页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![APA正文格式样例.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2022-11/28/448b63ec-8fd5-42da-be5e-c791bbaa0016/448b63ec-8fd5-42da-be5e-c791bbaa00161.gif)
APA正文格式样例
1.Introduction
Idiomsarethoughtofasthecoreandessenceoflanguageandculture.Anylanguagewhichhasalonghistoryisabundantinidioms.ManyofthewordsoftencontainenoughphilosophicalandincisivetheoriesforpeopletostudyandtheybeeanimportantpartofmodernEnglish(Zhang,2021,p.8).Forexample:
“Asamansows,soheshallreap〞canbetranslatedinto“种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆〞,“Tostrikewhiletheironishot〞istranslatedas“趁热打铁〞,“Alongroadtestsahorse’sstrengthandalongtaskprovesaman’sheart〞canbetranslatedinto“路遥知马力,日久见人心〞.Nowadays,withtheprosperingofinternationalmunication,theactivityofidiomtranslationhasbeeespeciallyfrequentandimportant.However,idiomsarestronglybinedwithspecificculture,whichoftenleadstogreatdifficultyintranslation.Thus,studyingtherelationsbetweenidiomsandafewimportantculturalaspectssuchashistoricalbackgrounds,geographicalconditions,socialcustoms,religiousbeliefs,etc.willhelpustounderstandtheculturalelementsinidioms.
Sincecultureplayssoimportantaroleininterculturalmunication,theculturalfactorsindifferentlanguageshavebeenattractingmoreandmoreattentionoflinguisticscholars.Inordertomakeinterculturalmunicationmoresuccessful,manyscholarshavebeeinterestedinthestudyofculturalsimilaritiesanddifferencesencodedindifferentlanguages.Thestudyofculturalfactorsindifferentlanguagesisofsignificanceininterculturalmunicationaswellasotherdisciplinessuchaslinguistics,languageacquisition,etc.
ThispaperwillexpoundtheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishidiomsandexploretheroleofcultureplaysinunderstandingofidioms.
2.Theculturalbackgroundsinidioms
Idiomsasaspecialformoflanguagecarryalargeamountofculturalinformation.Theyaretheheritageofhistoryandtheproductofculturalevolvement.Generallyspeaking,Idiomsefromsociety,cultureandhistory;theyareincludedineverythingandrelatedtosociety’slifeandplayanimportantroleinculture.
2.1Thedefinitionofculture
Cultureisalargeandextremelyplexconcept.Someforeignscholarsestimatethatnolessthan200definitionsfor“culture〞havealreadybeencitedintheacademicfield,someofwhichareconcernedwiththematerialproductsofthepeople;othersdealwiththosespiritualaspectssharedbypeoplelivingincertainmunities;stillothersfocusbothonbeliefsandpracticesofasociety.Hedefines,“cultureisthatplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,customandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety〞(Luo,2005,p.27).
ChinesescholarKe(2000,pp.142-143)statesinhisarticleCulturalPesuppositionsandMisreading“thatmostanthropologistsagreeonthefollowingfeaturesofculture:
1)Cultureissociallyacquiredinsteadofbiologicallytransmitted.2)Cultureissharedamongthemembersofamunityinsteadofbeinguniquetoanindividual.3)Cultureissymbolic.Symbolizingmeansassigningtoentitiesandeventsmeaningswhichareexternaltothemandnotabletobegraspedbythemselvesalone.Languageisthemosttypicalsymbolicsystemwithinculture;4)Cultureisintegrated.Eachaspectofcultureistiedinwiththeotheraspects〞.
2.2Thedefinitionofidiom
Idiomsarethecrystallizationoflanguage.Withoutidioms,ourlanguagewouldbeedullanddry,whereasanappropriateuseoftheminourspeechandwritingwilladdtothestrengthandvividnessofourlanguage.以后内容已省略.......
ThedefinitionofidiominTheOxfordEnglishDictionaryisthatidiomisaformofexpression,grammaticalconstruction,phrase,etc,peculiartoalanguage;apeculiarityofphraseologyapprovedbytheusageofalanguage,andoftenhavingasignificationotherthanitsgrammaticalorlogicalone(2004,p.873).
ThesedefinitionsindicatethatsomeEnglishidiomsareposedofseveralwords(fromtwowordstomanywords)andsomeareevenmadeofapletesentence.Therefore,Englishidioms,inabroadsense,mayincludeidiomaticphrases,proverbialsayings,andsomeslangexpressions(Yu&Guo,1999,p.170).括号中两个作者中间加&
2.3Therelationshipbetweenidiomandculture
Languageiscloselyrelatedtocultureandcanbesaidasapartofculture.Fromadynamicview,languageandcultureinteractwitheachotherandshapeeachother.Languageisthecarrierofculture,whichinturnisthecontentoflanguage.
Idiomshavetheirownculturalintention.Learningidiomswithoutconsideringtheculturalfactorswillbefutileandevenmisunderstanding,sincewecannotgettheexactinformationitconveys.以后内容已省略.......
间接引用格式如下:
Oneresearcher(Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135)identifiedfourponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.
在找不到作者原书无法进展直接引用时,可间接引用。
如Grayson的原书找不到,但是Murzynski&Degelman在他们书中引用过,那么可以在括号中标出〔原作者,ascitedin后再写引用过原作者话的作者名字〔即Murzynski&Degelman〕,年份,p.页码〕即可,在文章最后的参考文献中要写你能找到书的学者名字,即Murzynski&Degelman。
3.TheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseidioms
Asanessentialpartofthelanguageandculture,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirconciseexpressions,richandvivid,involvinggeography,history,religiousbelief,livingconventionsandsoon.
3.1Fromlivingsurroundings
Cultureisaplicatedsystemofknowledge,beliefsandcustoms,etc.However,naturalenvironmentincludinggeographicalposition,climate,andecologicalconditionissomethingthatplaysacontributoryroleintheformationofaculture.Idiomsmaintainclosetieswithpeople’slivingsurroundingsandtheculturewheretheyarecreated.
3.1.1Geographicalenvironment
Idiomsarecloselyrelatedtopeople’slaborandlife,peopleinparticularcultureneedwordstonameandexplainobjectsintheirculture(Zhang,1997,p.45).Britainisanislandcountry.Itsnavigationwasintheleadinhistory(Zhang,1999,p.67).
按APA规X,同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别,如:
Ontheotherhand,ChinesepeopleliveintheAsiancontinent.Mostpeoplecan’tleadtheirliveswithoutland.以后内容已省略.........
3.1.2Climate
Climateisanotherfactorinthelivingsurrounding.InBritain,“eastwind〞esfromthenorthernpartoftheEuropeancontinent.Itsymbolizes“chilly〞and“unpleasant〞.SoEnglishmenhateit.However,Englishmenlike“westwind〞.ItbringsspringtoBritain.ThewestwindblowsfromtheAtlanticOceanaswarmasChineseeastwindandbringsvoluminousraintothisarea.
Inaword,differentlivingsurroundingsmayproducedifferentidiomsanddifferentcultures.
APA格式中3到5个作者的作品,引用格式如下:
第一次引用:
Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentiremunity(Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995).
以后的引用,不用每个姓都写,只第一个就可
Tobesuccessful,“munitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility〞(Franklinetal.,1995,p.135).
3.2Fromreligiousbelief后几段已省略。
本页只为说明论文的构造,故省略了其中很多段落。
Asaculturalphenomenon,religiousbeliefsproduceanimpactonpeople’slifeandmind.Differentreligiousbeliefshavedifferentreflectionsindifferentidioms.
MostofwesternersareChristians,whobelievethattheworldiscreatedbyGod.TheythinkthatGodisomnipotentandsacred.以后内容已省略.......AndmanyphrasesandstoriesintheHolyBiblehavealsofunctionalasimportantsourcesofEnglishidioms.
e.g:
(1)Astheysow,sotheyreap.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆.(Galatians6)
PaulwroteinhislettertoGalatiansthat,“Donotbedeceived:
Godcannotbemocked.Amanreapswhathesows.〞
(2)Judas’skiss.犹大之吻(Matthew26)
Judas,oneoftheTwelve,agreestobetrayJesusthatthechiefPriestscountedoutforhimonlythirtysilvercoins.
(3)thesaltoftheearth社会中坚(Matthew5)
ThisidiomesfromtheBible.以后内容已省略.......
3.3Fromcustom
Everynationhasitsowncustoms.Onenation’scustomisformedthroughalonghistoryandfirmlyrootedinpeople’smind.CustomdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseareinmanyaspects.Duetothat,alotofidiomsturnoutwithvarieddress.
AmongEnglishidioms,weoftenparepeople’sactiontothefigureofdogsuchas“youarealuckydog〞(你是一个幸运儿),“everydoghashisday〞(凡人皆有得意日),“loveme,lovemydog〞(爱屋及乌),“Agooddogdeservesagoodbone.〞(有功者受赏)andsoon.Contrarytothis,thedogisakindofpettyandlowanimalinChinese.
3.4Fromvalueorientation
Frompeople’sworkingandlivingexperienceofonecountry,differentvalueshavebeenabstracted,accumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Becauseofdifferentexperiencebetweencountries,valuesoriginatefromitalsoturnsouttobelargelyvariedandeventotallyopposite,whichidiomsarebuilton,thereforealsodiffergreatly.Takepraiseforexample.Praiseisameanstogetaharmoniousinterpersonalship,andfrequentlyusedinmunication.
3.4.1Modesty
Britainasadevelopedcapitalistcountryiscoveredwithfiercesocialpetitionsothatpeopleinthereemphasizeindividualbehaviors,achievement,andvalue.TheirvalueorientationsappeartobeincontrastwithChineseinthisaspect.
Onthecontrary,Chinesepeopleoftenmakeself-negationtoshowmodesty.Therefore,theChinesehavemoremodestlanguagethanEnglishinthesocialactivities.
3.4.2Individualism
Beingguidedandinfluencedbythespiritofpetition,westernpeoplethinkhighlyofindividualism.IntheeyesofWesterners,individualismmeansapursuitoffreedomanddiversity,therearedifferencesofpeople’sbehavior,speech,thinking,whicharealmostsynonymouswithindividualism.以后内容已省略.......
Thesocialconditionsofwesterndevelopedcountriesleadsmanypeopletoacceptthiskindoffaith,“Everymanforhimselfandgodforusall〞(人人为自己,上帝为大家),“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves〞(自助者天助),“Everymanisthearchitectofhisownfuture〞(自己