APA正文格式样例.docx

APA正文格式样例.docx

《APA正文格式样例.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《APA正文格式样例.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

APA正文格式样例

1.Introduction

Idiomsarethoughtofasthecoreandessenceoflanguageandculture.Anylanguagewhichhasalonghistoryisabundantinidioms.ManyofthewordsoftencontainenoughphilosophicalandincisivetheoriesforpeopletostudyandtheybeeanimportantpartofmodernEnglish（Zhang,2021,p.8）.Forexample:

“Asamansows,soheshallreap〞canbetranslatedinto“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆〞,“Tostrikewhiletheironishot〞istranslatedas“趁热打铁〞,“Alongroadtestsahorse’sstrengthandalongtaskprovesaman’sheart〞canbetranslatedinto“路遥知马力,日久见人心〞.Nowadays,withtheprosperingofinternationalmunication,theactivityofidiomtranslationhasbeeespeciallyfrequentandimportant.However,idiomsarestronglybinedwithspecificculture,whichoftenleadstogreatdifficultyintranslation.Thus,studyingtherelationsbetweenidiomsandafewimportantculturalaspectssuchashistoricalbackgrounds,geographicalconditions,socialcustoms,religiousbeliefs,etc.willhelpustounderstandtheculturalelementsinidioms.

Sincecultureplayssoimportantaroleininterculturalmunication,theculturalfactorsindifferentlanguageshavebeenattractingmoreandmoreattentionoflinguisticscholars.Inordertomakeinterculturalmunicationmoresuccessful,manyscholarshavebeeinterestedinthestudyofculturalsimilaritiesanddifferencesencodedindifferentlanguages.Thestudyofculturalfactorsindifferentlanguagesisofsignificanceininterculturalmunicationaswellasotherdisciplinessuchaslinguistics,languageacquisition,etc.

ThispaperwillexpoundtheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishidiomsandexploretheroleofcultureplaysinunderstandingofidioms.

2.Theculturalbackgroundsinidioms

Idiomsasaspecialformoflanguagecarryalargeamountofculturalinformation.Theyaretheheritageofhistoryandtheproductofculturalevolvement.Generallyspeaking,Idiomsefromsociety,cultureandhistory;theyareincludedineverythingandrelatedtosociety’slifeandplayanimportantroleinculture.

2.1Thedefinitionofculture

Cultureisalargeandextremelyplexconcept.Someforeignscholarsestimatethatnolessthan200definitionsfor“culture〞havealreadybeencitedintheacademicfield,someofwhichareconcernedwiththematerialproductsofthepeople;othersdealwiththosespiritualaspectssharedbypeoplelivingincertainmunities;stillothersfocusbothonbeliefsandpracticesofasociety.Hedefines,“cultureisthatplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,customandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety〞（Luo,2005,p.27）.

ChinesescholarKe（2000,pp.142-143）statesinhisarticleCulturalPesuppositionsandMisreading“thatmostanthropologistsagreeonthefollowingfeaturesofculture:

1）Cultureissociallyacquiredinsteadofbiologicallytransmitted.2）Cultureissharedamongthemembersofamunityinsteadofbeinguniquetoanindividual.3）Cultureissymbolic.Symbolizingmeansassigningtoentitiesandeventsmeaningswhichareexternaltothemandnotabletobegraspedbythemselvesalone.Languageisthemosttypicalsymbolicsystemwithinculture;4）Cultureisintegrated.Eachaspectofcultureistiedinwiththeotheraspects〞.

2.2Thedefinitionofidiom

Idiomsarethecrystallizationoflanguage.Withoutidioms,ourlanguagewouldbeedullanddry,whereasanappropriateuseoftheminourspeechandwritingwilladdtothestrengthandvividnessofourlanguage.以后内容已省略.......

ThedefinitionofidiominTheOxfordEnglishDictionaryisthatidiomisaformofexpression,grammaticalconstruction,phrase,etc,peculiartoalanguage;apeculiarityofphraseologyapprovedbytheusageofalanguage,andoftenhavingasignificationotherthanitsgrammaticalorlogicalone（2004,p.873）.

ThesedefinitionsindicatethatsomeEnglishidiomsareposedofseveralwords（fromtwowordstomanywords）andsomeareevenmadeofapletesentence.Therefore,Englishidioms,inabroadsense,mayincludeidiomaticphrases,proverbialsayings,andsomeslangexpressions（Yu&Guo,1999,p.170）.括号中两个作者中间加&

2.3Therelationshipbetweenidiomandculture

Languageiscloselyrelatedtocultureandcanbesaidasapartofculture.Fromadynamicview,languageandcultureinteractwitheachotherandshapeeachother.Languageisthecarrierofculture,whichinturnisthecontentoflanguage.

Idiomshavetheirownculturalintention.Learningidiomswithoutconsideringtheculturalfactorswillbefutileandevenmisunderstanding,sincewecannotgettheexactinformationitconveys.以后内容已省略.......

间接引用格式如下：

Oneresearcher（Grayson,ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996,p.135）identifiedfourponentsofbodylanguagethatwererelatedtojudgmentsofvulnerability.

在找不到作者原书无法进展直接引用时，可间接引用。

如Grayson的原书找不到，但是Murzynski&Degelman在他们书中引用过，那么可以在括号中标出〔原作者，ascitedin后再写引用过原作者话的作者名字〔即Murzynski&Degelman〕，年份，p.页码〕即可，在文章最后的参考文献中要写你能找到书的学者名字，即Murzynski&Degelman。

3.TheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseidioms

Asanessentialpartofthelanguageandculture,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirconciseexpressions,richandvivid,involvinggeography,history,religiousbelief,livingconventionsandsoon.

3.1Fromlivingsurroundings

Cultureisaplicatedsystemofknowledge,beliefsandcustoms,etc.However,naturalenvironmentincludinggeographicalposition,climate,andecologicalconditionissomethingthatplaysacontributoryroleintheformationofaculture.Idiomsmaintainclosetieswithpeople’slivingsurroundingsandtheculturewheretheyarecreated.

3.1.1Geographicalenvironment

Idiomsarecloselyrelatedtopeople’slaborandlife,peopleinparticularcultureneedwordstonameandexplainobjectsintheirculture（Zhang,1997,p.45）.Britainisanislandcountry.Itsnavigationwasintheleadinhistory（Zhang,1999,p.67）.

按APA规X，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：

Ontheotherhand,ChinesepeopleliveintheAsiancontinent.Mostpeoplecan’tleadtheirliveswithoutland.以后内容已省略.........

3.1.2Climate

Climateisanotherfactorinthelivingsurrounding.InBritain,“eastwind〞esfromthenorthernpartoftheEuropeancontinent.Itsymbolizes“chilly〞and“unpleasant〞.SoEnglishmenhateit.However,Englishmenlike“westwind〞.ItbringsspringtoBritain.ThewestwindblowsfromtheAtlanticOceanaswarmasChineseeastwindandbringsvoluminousraintothisarea.

Inaword,differentlivingsurroundingsmayproducedifferentidiomsanddifferentcultures.

APA格式中3到5个作者的作品，引用格式如下：

第一次引用：

Accordingtoeducationalpsychologists,raisingchildrenisaresponsibilityoftheentiremunity（Franklin,Childs,&Smith,1995）.

以后的引用，不用每个姓都写，只第一个就可

Tobesuccessful,“munitiesmustbewillingtotakethisresponsibility〞（Franklinetal.,1995,p.135）.

3.2Fromreligiousbelief后几段已省略。

本页只为说明论文的构造，故省略了其中很多段落。

Asaculturalphenomenon,religiousbeliefsproduceanimpactonpeople’slifeandmind.Differentreligiousbeliefshavedifferentreflectionsindifferentidioms.

MostofwesternersareChristians,whobelievethattheworldiscreatedbyGod.TheythinkthatGodisomnipotentandsacred.以后内容已省略.......AndmanyphrasesandstoriesintheHolyBiblehavealsofunctionalasimportantsourcesofEnglishidioms.

e.g:

（1）Astheysow,sotheyreap.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆.（Galatians6）

PaulwroteinhislettertoGalatiansthat,“Donotbedeceived:

Godcannotbemocked.Amanreapswhathesows.〞

（2）Judas’skiss.犹大之吻（Matthew26）

Judas,oneoftheTwelve,agreestobetrayJesusthatthechiefPriestscountedoutforhimonlythirtysilvercoins.

（3）thesaltoftheearth社会中坚（Matthew5）

ThisidiomesfromtheBible.以后内容已省略.......

3.3Fromcustom

Everynationhasitsowncustoms.Onenation’scustomisformedthroughalonghistoryandfirmlyrootedinpeople’smind.CustomdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseareinmanyaspects.Duetothat,alotofidiomsturnoutwithvarieddress.

AmongEnglishidioms,weoftenparepeople’sactiontothefigureofdogsuchas“youarealuckydog〞（你是一个幸运儿）,“everydoghashisday〞（凡人皆有得意日）,“loveme,lovemydog〞（爱屋及乌）,“Agooddogdeservesagoodbone.〞（有功者受赏）andsoon.Contrarytothis,thedogisakindofpettyandlowanimalinChinese.

3.4Fromvalueorientation

Frompeople’sworkingandlivingexperienceofonecountry,differentvalueshavebeenabstracted,accumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Becauseofdifferentexperiencebetweencountries,valuesoriginatefromitalsoturnsouttobelargelyvariedandeventotallyopposite,whichidiomsarebuilton,thereforealsodiffergreatly.Takepraiseforexample.Praiseisameanstogetaharmoniousinterpersonalship,andfrequentlyusedinmunication.

3.4.1Modesty

Britainasadevelopedcapitalistcountryiscoveredwithfiercesocialpetitionsothatpeopleinthereemphasizeindividualbehaviors,achievement,andvalue.TheirvalueorientationsappeartobeincontrastwithChineseinthisaspect.

Onthecontrary,Chinesepeopleoftenmakeself-negationtoshowmodesty.Therefore,theChinesehavemoremodestlanguagethanEnglishinthesocialactivities.

3.4.2Individualism

Beingguidedandinfluencedbythespiritofpetition,westernpeoplethinkhighlyofindividualism.IntheeyesofWesterners,individualismmeansapursuitoffreedomanddiversity,therearedifferencesofpeople’sbehavior,speech,thinking,whicharealmostsynonymouswithindividualism.以后内容已省略.......

Thesocialconditionsofwesterndevelopedcountriesleadsmanypeopletoacceptthiskindoffaith,“Everymanforhimselfandgodforusall〞（人人为自己，上帝为大家）,“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves〞（自助者天助）,“Everymanisthearchitectofhisownfuture〞（自己