自由贸易和保护主义外文文献翻译译文3508字.docx

自由贸易和保护主义外文文献翻译译文3508字.docx

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自由贸易和保护主义外文文献翻译译文3508字

文献出处：

Siles.,Thefreetradeandprotectionismundertheeconomiccrisis[J].NewPoliticalEconomy,2014,16（5）:

627-653.

（声明：

本译文归XX文库所有，其他网站不得转载，完整译文请到XX文库。

）

原文

Thefreetradeandprotectionismundertheeconomiccrisis

Author:

Siles.

Abstract

In2008，withtheoutbreakoftheglobalfinancialcrisisontheglobaltradehasbroughtthehugeimpact.Dropintradegrowthanddeterioratingeconomicconditionsforeconomicprotectionismpolicyprovidesthecuttingedgeofopportunity.ArticleaimstostudythefreetradeandprotectionistpoliciestoNewZealandindustrygroup,suchasagriculturalindustrialization,andthe"buyAmerican"influenceontheinternationaltradingsystem,toexploretheprotectionstrategyandtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesbetweenthefreetrade.

Keywords：

financialcrisis;Freetrade;Protectionismstrategy;Advantages;disadvantages

Theintroduction

In2007,theUnitedStateshousingbubbleoftherealestatemarketbroughtdownthebankingsystem,andeventuallyledtothe2008globalrecession.Thisyear'sfinancialcrisisonglobaltradehasbroughtthehugeimpact.

Sincethe1980s,sustainedgrowthofinternationaltradeforthefirsttimehasatendencytodecline.ItisreportedthatasofNovember2008,worldtradefellby5%ofthetotal,Decemberisfurtherreducedby7%ofthetotal.Asisknowntoall,thedeclineofinternationaltradewillbeaseriousthreattoacountry'seconomy,whetherdevelopedordevelopingcountries,especiallythosethatthecountriesoftheeconomicfoundationforexporttrade.

AsoneofthelargestexportersofcarsinJapan,thiscausedbythehousingbubbleoftheglobalfinancialcrisiscausedsevereblowtoitscarexports;OthermajorindustrializedeconomicsystemsuchastheEuropeanUnionandsimilaralsosufferedabigblow.AlthoughsinceearlyFebruary2009,theinternationaltradehasbeenshowingsignsofrecovery,butstillcanseetradewillalwaysstaywithbeforethefinancialcrisisinarelativelylowlevel.

Dropintradegrowthanddeterioratingeconomicconditionstoprotectmaineconomicpolicyprovidethechanceofacuttingedge.Nobodycanclearlycalculatedhowmuchandhowlongwilllasttheworldrecessionandtheubiquitouscouldpanicemphasizedtheimportanceofeconomicprotectionism,sincethetradeviatheeliminationofimporttariffsandreducetheexporttaxfreemarket.Differentfromfreetradepolicy,tradeprotectionisadvocatedbyimportedproductsaddtariffsorothertraderestrictions,suchasdirectsubsidiesmechanism,resistancetooutsidersencroachonthelocalmarket.Atpresent,thereisabyincreasingimportcustomstaxesandsurchargesforsomecountriestorestoreZionistdomestictradegrowthpattern.TheUnitedStates,forexample,thegovernmentrescueplanannouncedinthe"BuyAmerican,BuyAmerican"clause.Underthisclausehasbeenregardedastherecessionaformofprotectionism.Theimplementationofthisclause,theNewZealandexportdriventothebrinkofaglobalmarket.Preservedandprotectivestrategiesbetweenfreetradeandthediscussionoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftheonceagainbecomethefocusoftheeconomicfield.ThepurposeofthispaperistothroughresearchsincebytradeandprotectionismpolicytoNewZealandindustrysetgroup（suchastheagriculturalindustrialization）,theinfluenceofandthe"buyAmerican"influenceontheinternationaltradingsystem,todiscusstheproblem.Withthedeepeningofthestudy,relatedconceptsoffreetradeandprotectionismwillbeappliedtothediscussion.Second,thebodyofthefreetradeisassociatedwithliberalism.

Accordingtothelearnedbythesocialisteconomicbasethisprinciple,theelementsoffreemarketsandfreetradeisnogovernmentintervention.Capitalandlaborarethetwofundamentalelementsineconomichair.Intheory,laborandcapitalwouldflowfromadversemarketenvironmenttothegoodairconditioningmarket.CompletelyfreetradingsystemistheguaranteeofcapitalandLabourarethemostadvantageousproductionconditionsofthepremises.Accordingtotheclassicaltheoryoffreetrade,intheabsenceofgovernmentintervention,everycountrycanfindtheirownplaceintheworldeconomicsystem,andbettertheconditionofcountrywillbericherthanothercountries.Therefore,reducetheregulationforimportandexportrestrictionswillbemoreconducivetofreetrade.Thefreetradepolicyistosupportanytotheconstructionofthefreemarket.Forexample,toremovetariffsonimportedproducts,reducetheexporttax,aswellasanylegislationtocleartheobstaclestolaborproductivity.

FreetradetreatiesandchangesoftheagriculturedevelopmentinNewZealandhasasignificantimpact,NewZealandisasmall,followtheruleofthefreemarkettypeagriculturalexporter,iscurrentlytheworld'smostopenmarketsforagriculturalproducts.Completelyagainstprotectioniststance,NewZealandagriculturalindustryisoneofthemostbigbeneficiariesoffreetradepolicy.Since1983thegovernmentofNewZealandandAustraliasincethefirstfreetradeagreement,signedbyregionalandbilateralfreetradeagreementtobecomeNewZealandagriculturalproductsandmarketstrategiesofsuccessfuldiversification.

In2005,forexample,hasestablishedcloseeconomicpartnership,withThailandandChile,brunei,Singapore,MalaysiaandChinafreetradeagreement,andnegotiationoffreetradetermsandsouthAsiancountries.SupporttheexportofagriculturalproductstradepolicyisnotdoesnotmaketheagriculturedepartmentbecometheNewZealandgovernmenthighagriculturalsubsidiesobject,onthecontrary,thedepartmentofagriculturehasbecometheNewZealand'slargestsourceofexportearnings.95%ofNewZealanddairyproductshavebeenexportedtoothercountriesandregionsoftheworld,meatandwoolproductsisexpectedtoreach20%ofNewZealand'stotalexports.Theannualreportin2007,about30%ofworldtrade,dairyproductsfromNewZealanddairyindustrybringcountrieseachyearnearly63billionNewZealanddollarsexportincome;Whileitsexportsofagriculturalproductsvalueisabout15to16millionNewZealanddollars.TheseishelpfultoagriculturaleconomicstrategyoffreetradeandmarketnotonlyhasmadeaoutstandingcontributiontotheeconomicrecoveryofNewZealand,forthedevelopmentoftheagriculturalsectorandagriculturalproductivitygrowthalsoplayedacrucialrole.ThissuggeststhatNewZealandinthemid-1980-stotheearly90scancelagriculturalsubsidiesmadetherightdecision,itpromotedtherapiddevelopmentofthecommercialfarminginNewZealand.

Cancelagriculturalsubsidiestriggeredafiercemarketcompetitionmechanism,promotetheefficiencyofresourceutilizationandthediversityofproducts.Example,during1983and2005,theaverageweightofthecattlegrewby15%,lambgrewby28%,lambgrewby18%.BelievethatsupportersoffreetradepolicyoffreetradepolicytoNewZealandagriculturalguidetothecorrectdevelopmentdirection.2008economiccrisismakesthetradeprotectionindifferentpartsoftheworldalive.TheNewZealandheraldreportedpointedoutthatthedairyindustryTheangerofNewZealanddairyindustry.Afterexperiencingtheeconomiccollapse,Americanfarmerspaymoreattentiontobyforeigncompetitorsbringlosscausedbyfiercecompetition.Thereportpointsout,theWashingtonannounced"dairyindustryexportincentiveplan",officiallybecame"buyAmerican"partoftherescueplan.TheplanaimstoimprovethecompetitivenessofthedairyfarmingU.S.exportersintheglobalmarket.

AcomparativestudyoftheUnitedStates,NewZealand

TheU.S.governmentexportsubsidyplanwillbepushedtotheNewZealandagriculturerisktotheedge.TheNewZealandheraldreported,theusgovernmentplannotonlybythemassmediacriticisminNewZealandfor"short-sighted",butalsotoconveytotheworldeconomyawrongsignal.SomescholarsofNewZealand,themassmediaandpoliticianssayrepeatofexportsubsidypolicybeneaththeNewZealandexportsmechanism,andreleasethewrongmessagetothemarketinterestrates.Snarrpointedoutthattoprotectthe"temporary"policyofthenationalcommercialinterests,oftenleadstocompetitioninthemarketoflax.ThetemporarysubsidypolicyintheUnitedStates,islikelytoincreaseinternationaltradecanlastlongwiththecostofalong-term.Feenstraprotectionistpolicieshavediscussedtheusgovernment'scost.HepointedoutthattheUnitedStatesinthe80sgenerationhasrestrictedthenumberofimportedJapanesecarsintothesoil,thegovernmentalsosoinordertomakeupfortheeconomicconsequencesofthepolicy,Americanconsumershavetoacceptthevehicleunitpricesoared14%fromthepreviouscase,WashingtongovernmentsubsidypolicyofTaiwanexportswilldisrupttheworldagriculturalmarketpricesystem.Andconsumers（includingtheUnitedStatesandothercountriesconsumers）willhavetopayfortheconsequencesofthiskindofprotectionistpolicies.

Themorein-depthstudyofthe"buyAmerican"policy,isincreasinglysuspectthisso-calledtarpActuallydestroysthebilateralrelations.NewZealandandotherWTOmemberswillhavetofacebyprotectingthemaineconomicpressuresbroughtbythepolicyofrighteousness.Actuallytheideabehindprotectionisminvolvingamaintainapositivetradebalance.Washingtonisinitiallyplannedtouseeconomicstimuluspoliciestobalancethepurposeofthegovernment'shugetradeandbudgetdeficits.Thegovernmentchosetoadoptprotectionistremedytorestoreglobaleconomicdecline.NewZealandinthefaceofthe20thcenturywhenthegenerationofthegreatrecessionin80Houalsomadethesamedecision,setupa"buy"inNewZeala