自由贸易和保护主义外文文献翻译译文3508字.docx
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自由贸易和保护主义外文文献翻译译文3508字
文献出处:
Siles.,Thefreetradeandprotectionismundertheeconomiccrisis[J].NewPoliticalEconomy,2014,16(5):
627-653.
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本译文归XX文库所有,其他网站不得转载,完整译文请到XX文库。
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原文
Thefreetradeandprotectionismundertheeconomiccrisis
Author:
Siles.
Abstract
In2008,withtheoutbreakoftheglobalfinancialcrisisontheglobaltradehasbroughtthehugeimpact.Dropintradegrowthanddeterioratingeconomicconditionsforeconomicprotectionismpolicyprovidesthecuttingedgeofopportunity.ArticleaimstostudythefreetradeandprotectionistpoliciestoNewZealandindustrygroup,suchasagriculturalindustrialization,andthe"buyAmerican"influenceontheinternationaltradingsystem,toexploretheprotectionstrategyandtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesbetweenthefreetrade.
Keywords:
financialcrisis;Freetrade;Protectionismstrategy;Advantages;disadvantages
Theintroduction
In2007,theUnitedStateshousingbubbleoftherealestatemarketbroughtdownthebankingsystem,andeventuallyledtothe2008globalrecession.Thisyear'sfinancialcrisisonglobaltradehasbroughtthehugeimpact.
Sincethe1980s,sustainedgrowthofinternationaltradeforthefirsttimehasatendencytodecline.ItisreportedthatasofNovember2008,worldtradefellby5%ofthetotal,Decemberisfurtherreducedby7%ofthetotal.Asisknowntoall,thedeclineofinternationaltradewillbeaseriousthreattoacountry'seconomy,whetherdevelopedordevelopingcountries,especiallythosethatthecountriesoftheeconomicfoundationforexporttrade.
AsoneofthelargestexportersofcarsinJapan,thiscausedbythehousingbubbleoftheglobalfinancialcrisiscausedsevereblowtoitscarexports;OthermajorindustrializedeconomicsystemsuchastheEuropeanUnionandsimilaralsosufferedabigblow.AlthoughsinceearlyFebruary2009,theinternationaltradehasbeenshowingsignsofrecovery,butstillcanseetradewillalwaysstaywithbeforethefinancialcrisisinarelativelylowlevel.
Dropintradegrowthanddeterioratingeconomicconditionstoprotectmaineconomicpolicyprovidethechanceofacuttingedge.Nobodycanclearlycalculatedhowmuchandhowlongwilllasttheworldrecessionandtheubiquitouscouldpanicemphasizedtheimportanceofeconomicprotectionism,sincethetradeviatheeliminationofimporttariffsandreducetheexporttaxfreemarket.Differentfromfreetradepolicy,tradeprotectionisadvocatedbyimportedproductsaddtariffsorothertraderestrictions,suchasdirectsubsidiesmechanism,resistancetooutsidersencroachonthelocalmarket.Atpresent,thereisabyincreasingimportcustomstaxesandsurchargesforsomecountriestorestoreZionistdomestictradegrowthpattern.TheUnitedStates,forexample,thegovernmentrescueplanannouncedinthe"BuyAmerican,BuyAmerican"clause.Underthisclausehasbeenregardedastherecessionaformofprotectionism.Theimplementationofthisclause,theNewZealandexportdriventothebrinkofaglobalmarket.Preservedandprotectivestrategiesbetweenfreetradeandthediscussionoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftheonceagainbecomethefocusoftheeconomicfield.ThepurposeofthispaperistothroughresearchsincebytradeandprotectionismpolicytoNewZealandindustrysetgroup(suchastheagriculturalindustrialization),theinfluenceofandthe"buyAmerican"influenceontheinternationaltradingsystem,todiscusstheproblem.Withthedeepeningofthestudy,relatedconceptsoffreetradeandprotectionismwillbeappliedtothediscussion.Second,thebodyofthefreetradeisassociatedwithliberalism.
Accordingtothelearnedbythesocialisteconomicbasethisprinciple,theelementsoffreemarketsandfreetradeisnogovernmentintervention.Capitalandlaborarethetwofundamentalelementsineconomichair.Intheory,laborandcapitalwouldflowfromadversemarketenvironmenttothegoodairconditioningmarket.CompletelyfreetradingsystemistheguaranteeofcapitalandLabourarethemostadvantageousproductionconditionsofthepremises.Accordingtotheclassicaltheoryoffreetrade,intheabsenceofgovernmentintervention,everycountrycanfindtheirownplaceintheworldeconomicsystem,andbettertheconditionofcountrywillbericherthanothercountries.Therefore,reducetheregulationforimportandexportrestrictionswillbemoreconducivetofreetrade.Thefreetradepolicyistosupportanytotheconstructionofthefreemarket.Forexample,toremovetariffsonimportedproducts,reducetheexporttax,aswellasanylegislationtocleartheobstaclestolaborproductivity.
FreetradetreatiesandchangesoftheagriculturedevelopmentinNewZealandhasasignificantimpact,NewZealandisasmall,followtheruleofthefreemarkettypeagriculturalexporter,iscurrentlytheworld'smostopenmarketsforagriculturalproducts.Completelyagainstprotectioniststance,NewZealandagriculturalindustryisoneofthemostbigbeneficiariesoffreetradepolicy.Since1983thegovernmentofNewZealandandAustraliasincethefirstfreetradeagreement,signedbyregionalandbilateralfreetradeagreementtobecomeNewZealandagriculturalproductsandmarketstrategiesofsuccessfuldiversification.
In2005,forexample,hasestablishedcloseeconomicpartnership,withThailandandChile,brunei,Singapore,MalaysiaandChinafreetradeagreement,andnegotiationoffreetradetermsandsouthAsiancountries.SupporttheexportofagriculturalproductstradepolicyisnotdoesnotmaketheagriculturedepartmentbecometheNewZealandgovernmenthighagriculturalsubsidiesobject,onthecontrary,thedepartmentofagriculturehasbecometheNewZealand'slargestsourceofexportearnings.95%ofNewZealanddairyproductshavebeenexportedtoothercountriesandregionsoftheworld,meatandwoolproductsisexpectedtoreach20%ofNewZealand'stotalexports.Theannualreportin2007,about30%ofworldtrade,dairyproductsfromNewZealanddairyindustrybringcountrieseachyearnearly63billionNewZealanddollarsexportincome;Whileitsexportsofagriculturalproductsvalueisabout15to16millionNewZealanddollars.TheseishelpfultoagriculturaleconomicstrategyoffreetradeandmarketnotonlyhasmadeaoutstandingcontributiontotheeconomicrecoveryofNewZealand,forthedevelopmentoftheagriculturalsectorandagriculturalproductivitygrowthalsoplayedacrucialrole.ThissuggeststhatNewZealandinthemid-1980-stotheearly90scancelagriculturalsubsidiesmadetherightdecision,itpromotedtherapiddevelopmentofthecommercialfarminginNewZealand.
Cancelagriculturalsubsidiestriggeredafiercemarketcompetitionmechanism,promotetheefficiencyofresourceutilizationandthediversityofproducts.Example,during1983and2005,theaverageweightofthecattlegrewby15%,lambgrewby28%,lambgrewby18%.BelievethatsupportersoffreetradepolicyoffreetradepolicytoNewZealandagriculturalguidetothecorrectdevelopmentdirection.2008economiccrisismakesthetradeprotectionindifferentpartsoftheworldalive.TheNewZealandheraldreportedpointedoutthatthedairyindustryTheangerofNewZealanddairyindustry.Afterexperiencingtheeconomiccollapse,Americanfarmerspaymoreattentiontobyforeigncompetitorsbringlosscausedbyfiercecompetition.Thereportpointsout,theWashingtonannounced"dairyindustryexportincentiveplan",officiallybecame"buyAmerican"partoftherescueplan.TheplanaimstoimprovethecompetitivenessofthedairyfarmingU.S.exportersintheglobalmarket.
AcomparativestudyoftheUnitedStates,NewZealand
TheU.S.governmentexportsubsidyplanwillbepushedtotheNewZealandagriculturerisktotheedge.TheNewZealandheraldreported,theusgovernmentplannotonlybythemassmediacriticisminNewZealandfor"short-sighted",butalsotoconveytotheworldeconomyawrongsignal.SomescholarsofNewZealand,themassmediaandpoliticianssayrepeatofexportsubsidypolicybeneaththeNewZealandexportsmechanism,andreleasethewrongmessagetothemarketinterestrates.Snarrpointedoutthattoprotectthe"temporary"policyofthenationalcommercialinterests,oftenleadstocompetitioninthemarketoflax.ThetemporarysubsidypolicyintheUnitedStates,islikelytoincreaseinternationaltradecanlastlongwiththecostofalong-term.Feenstraprotectionistpolicieshavediscussedtheusgovernment'scost.HepointedoutthattheUnitedStatesinthe80sgenerationhasrestrictedthenumberofimportedJapanesecarsintothesoil,thegovernmentalsosoinordertomakeupfortheeconomicconsequencesofthepolicy,Americanconsumershavetoacceptthevehicleunitpricesoared14%fromthepreviouscase,WashingtongovernmentsubsidypolicyofTaiwanexportswilldisrupttheworldagriculturalmarketpricesystem.Andconsumers(includingtheUnitedStatesandothercountriesconsumers)willhavetopayfortheconsequencesofthiskindofprotectionistpolicies.
Themorein-depthstudyofthe"buyAmerican"policy,isincreasinglysuspectthisso-calledtarpActuallydestroysthebilateralrelations.NewZealandandotherWTOmemberswillhavetofacebyprotectingthemaineconomicpressuresbroughtbythepolicyofrighteousness.Actuallytheideabehindprotectionisminvolvingamaintainapositivetradebalance.Washingtonisinitiallyplannedtouseeconomicstimuluspoliciestobalancethepurposeofthegovernment'shugetradeandbudgetdeficits.Thegovernmentchosetoadoptprotectionistremedytorestoreglobaleconomicdecline.NewZealandinthefaceofthe20thcenturywhenthegenerationofthegreatrecessionin80Houalsomadethesamedecision,setupa"buy"inNewZeala