1993考研英语.docx

1993考研英语.docx

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1993考研英语

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Text1

Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?

JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.

Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.

TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.

Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.

Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern“toy-bear.”Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.

Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabbling（咿呀学语）,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild’snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.

31.ThepurposeofFrederickII’sexperimentwas________.

[A]toprovethatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytospeak

[B]todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeech

[C]tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak

[D]toprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguage

32.Thereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostprobablythat________.

[A]theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidly

[B]theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce

[C]theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak

[D]theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthem

33.Whatisexceptionallyremarkableaboutachildisthat________.

[A]heisbornwiththecapacitytospeak[B]hehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal’s

[C]hecanproducehisownsentences[D]heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursing

34.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?

[A]Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.

[B]Encouragementisanythingbutessentialtoachildinlanguagelearning.

[C]Thechild’sbrainishighlyselective.[D]Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages.

35.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewill________.

[A]haveahighIQ[B]belessintelligent

[C]beinsensitivetoverbalsignals[D]notnecessarilybebackward

Text2

Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.

Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.

Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasforthetightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagain--bythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.

AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century“freeenterprise”capitalism?

Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.

36.By“awell-oiledcoginthemachinery”theauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis________.

[A]anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividual’sfunctionisnegligible

[B]workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety

[C]anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety,thoughfunctioningsmoothly

[D]ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly

37.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat________.

[A]theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs

[B]theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife

[C]theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence

[D]theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence

38.Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose________.

[A]whoareatthebottomofthesociety[B]whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus

[C]whoprovebetterthantheirfellow-competitors

[D]whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld

39.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould________.

[A]resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors

[B]offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployees

[C]enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities

[D]takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted

40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof________.

[A]approval[B]dissatisfaction[C]suspicion[D]tolerance

Text3

Whenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:

hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheideasecret,orpatentit.

Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bywhichtheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates.

Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.

ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolourTVtoreceiveandthusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention.

Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseand,ifolderthanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.

Likewise,becausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.

Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost“new”ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,thatmakesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginatefromthelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasan