国际贸易原理教案.docx

国际贸易原理教案.docx

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国际贸易原理教案

Chapter1

InternationalEconomicsIsDifferent

I.TeachingObjectives:

Theobjectiveofthisunitistoshowthatinternationaleconomicsaddressesimportantandinterestingcurrenteventsandissues,showwhyinternationaleconomicsisspecial,andprovideabroadoverviewofthetextbook.

II.TeachingFocus

1.Theimportanceofinternationaleconomics

2.Themostimportantpoliciesthateachcountrycanmanipulateseparately

III.TimeAllocation

1.Lead-in10MIN

2.StudytheeventSteel30MIN

3.StudytheeventPoorWorkersinPoorCountries20MIN

4.StudyEconomicsandtheNation-state30MIN

5.Discussion10MIN

IV.Teachingprocedures

Webeginwithtwosetsofeventsthatshowtheimportanceofcurrentissuesaddressedbyinternationaleconomics.

ThefirstistheimpositionbyPresidentBushinearly2002oftariffsofupto30percentonimportsofsteelintotheUnitedStates.Hereweintroducetheabilityofanationalgovernmenttorespondtodomesticpoliticalpressuresbyraisingbarrierstointernationaltransactions.Inthiscasepressurebysteelfirmsandsteelworkersledtonewprotection.FirmsthatusesteelintheUnitedStatesknewthattheywouldbehurtbythesenewtariffs,buttheireconomiccasethattheirindustrieswouldsuffermoreharmthanthesteelindustrywouldgetinbenefitsfailedtowinthepoliticalfight.WealsointroducetheroleoftheWorldTradeOrganization（WTO）asaglobalarbiter.ThegovernmentsofforeigncountrieswhosefirmslostexportsalestotheU.S.buyersfiledcomplaintswiththeWTOthattheU.S.governmenthadviolatedtheacceptedinternationalruleswhenitimposedthenewsteeltariffs.

Thesecondistheongoingprotestsagainstlowpayandpoorworkingconditionsindevelopingcountries,includingtheprotestsattheSeattlemeetingoftheWorldTradeOrganizationin1999.Hereweintroducethehugedifferencesineconomicconditionsacrosscountries,withafocusonchildlabor.Oneobservationisthatinternationaltrade,andglobalizationmoregenerally,arenotthecausesofthehugegapsinincomes.Povertyismostdireinplacesthathavebeenlittletouchedbyglobalization.Anotherobservationisthattradesanctionsorotherrestrictionsoninternationaltradeorinternationaltransactionsmoregenerallyarenotlikelytohelpthepoorworkersinpoorcountries.Suchrestrictionswouldreducetheireconomicopportunitiesandmakethemevenpoorer.Instead,moreinternationaltradecanbepartofthesolution.Countries（orregionslikecoastalChina）thataremoreopentointernationaltradetendtogrowfaster.Morebroadly,workersinpoorcountriesalsoneededucationandbetterhealthtoraisetheirproductivityandincomes.Protestingabouttradeandglobalizationiswrong-headediftheconcernisreallyaboutraisingtheincomesoftheworld’sverypoorpeople.

Thesetwosetsofeventsshowthatinternationaleconomicsaddressesimportantcurrentissues.Theyalsocanbeusedtoshowwhyinternationaleconomicsisspecial—whynationalboundariesmatterineconomics.Thefirstreasonthatinternationaleconomicsisspecialisthatnationalgovernmentpoliciesmatter—infact,theymatterintwoways.Onewayisthatnationalgovernmentsadoptpoliciestowardinternationaltransactions.Thisisseenclearlyinthediscussionofsteel.Theotherwayisthatnationalgovernmentsadoptdifferentmacroeconomicpolicies.Thesenationalpoliciesusuallyaredesignedtoservenationalinterests,buttheyoftenhaveinternationaleffects.ThetensionbetweennationalinterestsandinternationaleffectsisraisedinthediscussionofArgentina’scrisisanditsinabilitytotightenthegovernmentbudget.TensionisalsoseeninthecontroversyovercedingnationalmonetaryauthoritytotheEuropeanCentralBankinthemonetaryunion.

Thesecondreasonthatinternationaleconomicsisspecialisthatsomeresourcesdonotmovefreelybetweencountries.Landisessentiallyimmobile.Therearesubstantialimpedimentstothemovementoflaborinternationally,becausethepersonalandeconomiccoststopeopleofmovingfromonecountrytoanothercanbesubstantial,andbecausegovernmentpoliciesoftenrestrictinternationalmovementsoflabor.Mostpoorpeopleinpoorcountriescannotimprovetheirlotjustbymovingtodevelopedcountries.Financialcapitalmovesmorefreely,but,asthediscussionofArgentina’scrisisshows,internationalcapitalmovementscansometimesbedisruptive.

Chapter2

TheBasicTheoryUsingDemandandSupply

I.TeachingObjectives:

Theobjectiveofthisunitistoindicatewhywestudytheoriesofinternationaltradeandpresentthebasictheoryusingsupplyanddemandcurves.

II.TeachingFocus

1.FourQuestionsaboutTrade

2.ConsumerSurplus/ProducerSurplus

3.TwoNationalMarketsandOpeningofTrade

III.TimeAllocation

1.Lead-in10MIN

2.StudyFourQuestionsaboutTrade30MIN

3.StudyDemandandSupply50MIN

4.StudyTwoNationalMarketsandOpeningofTrade60MIN

5.Exercise50MIN

IV.Teachingprocedures

Tradeisimportanttoindividualconsumers,toworkersandotherfactorowners,tofirms,andthereforetothewholeeconomy.Tradeisalsocontroversial,withperpetualbattlesovergovernmentpoliciestowardtrade.Tounderstandallofthis,weneedtodeveloptheoriesofwhypeopletradeastheydo.

Itisusefultoorganizetheanalysisofinternationaltradebycontrastingaworldofnotradewithaworldoffreetrade,leavinganalysisofintermediatecases（e.g.,non-prohibitivetariffs）forPartII.Theanalysisseekstoanswerfourkeyquestionsaboutinternationaltrade:

1.Whydocountriestrade?

Whatdeterminesthepatternoftrade?

2.Howdoestradeaffectproductionandconsumptionineachcountry?

3.Whatarethegains（orlosses）foracountryasawholefromtrading?

4.Whataretheeffectsoftradeondifferentgroupsinacountry?

Aretheregroupsthatgainandothergroupsthatlose?

Theoriesofinternationaltradeprovideanswerstothesefourquestions.

Basicdemandandsupplyanalysiscanbeusedtoprovideearlyanswerstothesefourquestions,aswellastointroduceconceptsthatcanbeusedinmoreelaboratetheories.Usingmotorbikesasanexample,thechapterfirstreviewsthebasicanalysisofbothdemand（thedemandcurve,otherinfluencesonquantitydemanded,movementsalongthedemandcurveandshiftsinthedemandcurve,andthepriceelasticityofdemandasameasureofresponsiveness）andsupply（thesupplycurve,theroleofmarginalcost,otherinfluencesonquantitysupplied,movementsalongthesupplycurveandshiftsinthesupplycurve,andthepriceelasticityofsupply）.Itpaysspecialattentiontothemeaningandmeasurementofconsumersurplusandproducersurplus.Thissection,whichfocusesonreviewanddevelopmentofbasictools,endswiththepictureofmarketequilibriuminanationalmarketwithnotradeastheintersectionofthedomesticdemandcurveandthedomesticsupplycurve.

Theremainderofthechapterexaminestheuseofsupplyanddemandcurvestoanalyzeinternationaltrade.Iftherearetwonationalmarketsforaproductandnotradebetweenthem,itislikelythattheproduct'spricewilldifferbetweenthetwomarkets.Someoneshouldnoticethedifferenceandtrytoprofitbyarbitragebetweenthetwomarkets.Ifgovernmentspermitfreetrade,thentheexportsupplyfromtheinitiallylow-pricedmarket（therestoftheworldinthetextbookexample）cansatisfytheimportdemandintheinitiallyhigh-pricedmarket（theUnitedStatesinthetextbookexample）,andtheworldshiftstoafree-tradeequilibrium.Wecanshowthisfreetradeequilibriumbyderivingthesupply-of-exportscurvefortherestoftheworldandthedemand-for-importscurvefortheUnitedStates.Theinternationalmarketfortheproductclearsattheintersectionoftheexport-supplyandimport-demandcurves,indicatingtheequilibriuminternationalorworldpriceandthequantitytraded.Thisequilibriumworldpricealsobecomesthedomesticpriceineachcountrywithfreetrade.

Thesamesetofthreegraphs（thetwonationalmarketsandtheinternational-trademarket）isusedtoshowtheeffectsoftheshiftfromno-tradetofree-tradeondifferentgroupsineachcountryandtoshowthenetgainsfromtradeforeachnation.Intheimportingcountryconsumersoftheproductgainconsumersurplusandproducersoftheproductloseproducersurplus.Usingtheone-dollar,one-votemetric,thecountryasawholegains,becausethegaininconsumersurplusislargerthanthelossofproducersurplus.Intheexportingcountryproducersoftheproductgainproducersurplusandconsumersoftheproductloseconsumersurplus.Furthermore,theanalysisshowsthatthecountryasawholegainsbecausethegaininproducersurplusislargerthanthelossofconsumersurplus.Thecountrythatgainsmorefromtheshifttofreetradeisthecountrywhosepricechangesmore—thecountrywiththelesselastictradecurve（importdemandorexportsupply）.

Tips

Webelievethatthischapterisanexcellentwaytointroducetheanalysisoftrade.Thefourquestionsabouttradefocusstudentattentiononkeyissuesthatareinterestingtomostofthem.Studentsthengetaquickpayoffthroughtheuseofthefamiliarsupply-demandframework.Bytheendofthisshortchapterwehavepreliminaryanswerstoallfourtradequestions.Wehavealsolaidasolidfoundationfortheanalysisoftradeusingsupplyanddemandcurves,theapproachthatwillreceivethemostattentioninPartIIontradepolicies.

Inclasspresentationsitmaybeusefultoshowthegraphsinasequence,perhapsusingaseriesofoverheadslides.Afterpresentingthereviewofdemandandsupplyandthenationalmarketequilibriumwithnotrade,thefollowing