The essence of American foreign policies.docx

The essence of American foreign policies.docx

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TheessenceofAmericanforeignpolicies

THANKS

Thanksmyteachersfordirectingmeandgivingmeadvice.Thanksmyclassmatesforsupportingme.Thankstheschoollibraryforgivingmebooks.

Abstract

ThispaperbeginswithashortintroductionabouttheforeignpoliciesoftheUnitedStates.TherearetwoperiodsinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.TheWorldWarIIistheboundary.Americangovernmenttookdifferentforeignpoliciestoadapttothechangeofworld.However,theessenceofAmericanforeignpolicieswillnotchange.TheyalwayspursuethemaximumprofitsandtheworldmustbeusedbyAmericatobuildaworldwhichtheylikebest.

摘要：

本文介绍了美国外交政策，将美国外交政策历史分为两个部分，第二次世界大战就是分界线。

美国根据时代的不同不断改变对外政策，但它的外交本质一直没有变，追求利益最大化，建立一个美国人所认为的理想世界。

Keywords

PaxAmericana,isolationism,Internationalism,Sovietexpansion,TheCubanMissileCrisis,ColdWar,theSept.11terroristattack,GulfWarII

Introduction

UnitedStatesisanamazingcountry.UnitedStatesforeignpolicyishighlyinfluentialontheworldstage,asitistheonlyremainingsuperpower.WhydoesU.Sforeignpolicyhavesomuchpowerinfluencetheworld?

Therearealotofthingsweshouldconsideraboutthem.

Americahasbeenastrongcountrysomanyyears,thiscountryhasapowerfuleffectonourworld.EverymoveAmericamakeswillinfluencetheworld.UnitedStatesforeignpolicyishighlyinfluentialontheworldstage,asitistheonlyremainingsuperpower.

PaxAmericanaistheessenceofAmericanforeignpolicies.TheywantedaworldorderdominatedbytheUnitedStates,aworldmarketwhichwasfreeandopentoAmericangoodsandservicesandmorecountriesmodelingonAmericaninstitutionandvalues.Inpursuingthisgoal,UnitedStatesmakealotofpoliciesandactions.AmericawouldnotallowanyworldpowerorregionalpowertoemergetochallengeAmericangloballeadershiporleadershipinregionsvitaltoAmericannationalinterests.wecanseetwoperiodsofAmerican,theboundaryistheWorldWarII.

BeforetheWorldWarII

FromtheestablishmentoftheUnitedStatesuntiltheSpanish-AmericanWar,U.S.foreignpolicyreflectthecountry’sregional,ascomparedtoglobal,focus.ThefirstandmostenduringprincipleofAmericanforeignpolicywasisolationism.AftertheestablishmentoftheUnitedStates,USstayedoutofEuropeanwarsandthatEuropeannationsshouldnotattempttoextendtheirinfluenceintotheAmericas.Atthattime,UnitedStatesisanew-borncountry,soitdeclinedtoenterintoalliances,foreigneconomiccommitments,internationalagreements,andgenerallyattemptingtomakeone'seconomyentirelyself-reliant;seekingtodevotetheentireeffortsofone'scountrytoitsownadvancement,bothdiplomaticallyandeconomically,whileremaininginastateofpeacebyavoidingforeignentanglementsandresponsibilities.Forexample,intheWorldWarI,Americastayedneutralatfirst,however,whentheresultisclear,Americajoinedthewar,itwasobviouslythatAmericawantedtogetprofitsasawinner.Thisisacleverpolicy.Thecountry'sparticipationinWorldWarIagainsttheCentralPowersmarkeditsfirstmajordeparturefromisolationistpolicy.Theyear1940signaledafinalturningpointforisolationism.GermanmilitarysuccessesinEuropeandtheBattleofBritainpromptednationwideAmericanrethinkingaboutitsposturetowardthewar.IfGermanyandItalyestablishedhegemonyinEuropeandAfrica,andJapansweptEastAsia,manybelievedthattheWesternHemispheremightbenext.EvenifAmericamanagedtorepelinvasions,itswayoflifemightwitherifitwereforcedtobecomeagarrisonstate.Bytheautumnof1940,manyAmericansbelieveditwasnecessarytohelpdefeattheAxis—evenifitmeantopenhostilities.InternationalismisalsousedbyAmerica,astheeconomicdevelopment,Americabegantovoiceattheworld.

AfterWorldWarII

Generallyspeaking,fromtheSecondWorldWar,theAmericanforeignpolicycanbedividedintotwophrases:

thefirstbetween1945and1991,andthesecondafter1991uptonow.

Duringthefirstperiod,thebasicgoaloftheAmericanforeignpolicyistocontainSovietexpansionandtofinallybringaboutchangeinSovietpoliticalsystem.ThisissocalledColdWar.TheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion,thetwowartimeallies,fellapartandtheColdWarbegantounfoldinEurope.ForoverfortyyearsaftertheWWII,theColdWarlargelydirectedU.S.foreignanddefensepolicy.ThefoundingoftheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationin1949andtheWaesawPactin1955splittheworldintotwomilitaryblocs.Armsracebegan.TheCubanMissileCrisiswastheclosesttheworldevercametonuclearwar.In1962,theSovietUnionwasdesperatelybehindtheUnitedStatesinthearmsrace.InlateApril1962,SovietPremierNikitaKhrushchevconceivedtheideaofplacingintermediate-rangemissilesinCuba.AdeploymentinCubawoulddoubletheSovietstrategicarsenalandprovidearealdeterrenttoapotentialUSattackagainsttheSovietUnion.FortheUnitedStates,thecrisisbeganonOctober15,1962whenReconnaissancephotographsrevealedSovietmissilesunderconstructioninCuba.KhrushchevannouncedthathewoulddismantletheinstallationsandreturnthemissilestotheSovietUnion,expressinghistrustthattheUnitedStateswouldnotinvadeCuba.FurthernegotiationswereheldtoimplementtheOctober28agreement,includingaUnitedStatesdemandthatSovietlightbombersberemovedfromCuba,andspecifyingtheexactformandconditionsofUnitedStatesassurancesnottoinvadeCuba.

ThenextimportantmeasureisChinacard.Inordertocontaintheenemy,NixsongovernmentbroketheicewithChina,hemadeatriptoChinatoimprovetherelationswithChina.InordertomaintainAmericanleadershipintheworld,theUnitedstateswillnotallowanyworldpowerorregionalpowertoemergetochallengeAmericangloballeadershipofleadershipinregionsvitaltoAmericannationalinterests.Therefore,UnitedStatestriedtheirbesttodisintegratetheSovietUnion.Atlast,UnitedStateswonintherace.

AftertheSept.11terroristattack,UnitedStatesbecamemoreviolenttoachieveitsgoal.PresidentBushannouncedapolicy,preemption.UnitedStatesdidnotcarethecritism,itadherestothedoctrine,puttingittotestinGulfWarII.OnMarch20,2003,theUnitedStatesinvadedIraqwithlarge-scalemilitary,PresidentBushassertedthatthewarwastodisarmIraq,toendtheSaddamregimeandtoputinanewanddemocraticgovernment.Throughoutthiswar,wecanclearlyseethatUnitedStates“tocreateamoresecure,democratic,andprosperousworldforthebenefitoftheAmericanpeopleandtheinternationalcommunity.”

Conclusion

WhateverpolicytheUnitedStateshaspursuedinthepasthalfacenturyandmore,itisbasedontheUSanalysisoftheworldsituationandonthedeterminationofAmericancoreinterests.Inmyopinion,everycountrymakestheirownforeignpolicybaseontheirowninterests,ifacountryispowerfulenough,itdefinitelywillhaveadesiretoexpandthemselves.Thepowerfulpoliticisbasedontheeconomy,ifacountrywantstovoiceinthepoliticpowerfully,thiscountrymusthavegreatpowerineconomy.Therefore,IcaneasilyunderstandUnitedStates,ifChinawantsnottobeoppressed,Chinamustfosteritsowneconomy.

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