中国地质大学长城学院 地质英语 论文.docx

中国地质大学长城学院 地质英语 论文.docx

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中国地质大学长城学院地质英语论文

中国地质大学长城学院

地质英语结课论文

Title：

Geology

Abstract：

Geologyisanoverviewandbasicknowledgeofgeology,anoverviewofthebasictheory,butitisnotabranchofgeology,geologyintroductorytool。

Itsmaincontentsincludethebasicknowledgeofearth,externalmotivepowerofthedevelopmentofGeologyandevolution,etc.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyanditscontentsandsomechange,itwillbefullyabsorbedbyotherscienceandtechnologyandnew,keepimprovingthesubject.

Thetest：

GeologyoftheresearchobjectofistheearthTheearthincludingsolidearthanditsexternalatmosphereThesolidearthincludingtheouterlayeroftheearth'scrustandmantleandthecoreofthethreemainlayerlapsAtpresentthemainresearchsolidcrustoftheupperlevel,thatistheupperpartofthecrustandmantle.

Geologymainlyistoexploretheearth'sorigin,materialknowthecompositionanddistribution,surfacemorphology,internalstructurecharacteristicsandgeneticmechanism,movementrules,dynamicactionprocessandcharacteristicsoftimeandspace.Theearthsurfaceoflithosphere（layer）isthemaingeologicalresearchobjectdirectly.Geologyoutstandingcharacterandtheconnectinglinkbetweentheprecedingandthehistoryofchange,atthesametimeuseofmoderntechnologyandspacetechnologyexperimentandobservation,fullyunderstandandsimulatethetypicalgeologicalprocessofdynamicprocess,toaccuratelypredicttheglobalevolution,andthefuturetrendofthestatedevelopment.Here'sanimportantinfluenceonprospecting,energy,remotesensing,environment,materials,engineering.

GeologyisdividedintoMineralogy、Mineraldepositgeology、Petrologysequenceandpaleontology，Tectonicgeology、Geochemical、Geophysical，etc.

Petrologyisthestudyofmaterialconstituents、composition、structure、formationconditions、distributionregularly、Formationreasons、metallogenicrelationship、Theevolutionoftherockhistoryandevolutionofsubject.Dividedintosedimentaryrocks,volcanicrockandmetamorphicrocksthreecategories.

Igneousrockisformedbytheconsolidationofmagmarockscondensation.Usuallyitdividedintointrusiverocksandextrusiverocks.Theconsolidationoftherockformationlavacondensationatdifferentdepths.Accordingtotheformationdepth,whichcanbefurtherdividedintoplutonicandhypabyssalrocks.Extrusiverock:

magmafromthevolcanochannelsextrudesurfaceformedtherock.

Sedimentaryrockisonthesurfaceisnotverydeepplace,theotherrockweatheringproductsandsomeofthevolcano,withwateroricetransport,deposition,intotherockformedbytheactionofrock.Sedimentaryrockmainlyincludeslimestone,sandstone,shale,etc.

Metamorphicrockistopointtobytheearthinnerstrength（temperature,pressure,withthechangeofstress,chemicalcomposition,etc）andtransformingintothenewrock.Solidrockundereeffectofintheearth'sinteriorpressureandtemperaturethematerialcomposition,Formedconstituentsmigrateandrecrystallization.

Mineralogyisthestudyofthechemicalcompositionofminerals,internalstructure,morphology,nature,origin,occurrence,assemblages,Formationconditions,purpose,andtheirinter-relationship.Mineralisnaturaltheoutputoftheelementalorcompounds，isalsocomposedofthebasicunitofrockandore.Mineralogyispetrology,thefoundationofmineraldepositgeologyandgeochemistry,andthechemicalarecloselyrelated.

Geochemistryisthestudyoftheearth'slayersandvariousgeologicbodychemicalcompositions,chemistry,andthechemicalevolution,discussingthechemicalelementsandisotopesofdistribution,existenceform,assemblages,concentrationanddispersionandmigrationcyclerules,thegeologicaleffectandleftactingasthemainresearchobjectdisciplineandthefollowingbranch.

Structuralgeologyisthestudyoftheearth'sLithosphereTectonicDeformation,includingthebreakage,foldsandothervariousstructuralfeaturesanddistributionofdifferenttypesoftectonicunits,formation,evolutionanddevelopment.Onthewholestudyofgeologicalstructureintimeandspaceofthedevelopmentandlawsofsolidandthedynamicaloriginofthesubject.Tectonicalsobelongstothecategoryofstructuralgeology.

Geophysicsisthestudyofgeophysicalfieldandthephysicalpropertiesoftheearth,morphologicalstructureandthephysicalprocessofdiscipline.Theearthphysicsisanbetweenphysics,geology,atmosphericscience,oceanscienceandastronomyofbetweenedgediscipline.Geophysicsinthenarrowsenseofasolidpartoftheearth,alsoknownasthesolidearthphysics；Inthebroadestsenseofthephysicsoftheearthincludinghydrosphere,atmosphereofresearch.

Historicalgeologypaleontologyintwosubjects,namely,paleontologyandhistoricalgeology.Ancientbiologyisthestudyofthehistoryofbiologyappearanceanddevelopmentofthediscipline,theresearchobjectistheperiodofgeologicformationandformationinbiologicalbody,relicsandlifeactivitiesrelatedtovariousphysicalrecords.Theknownhistoryofgeologyisthestudyoftheearth'shistoricaldevelopmentandthedevelopmentofscience,theresearchobjectismainlyforthegeologichistoryofformationanddevelopmentofearthhistoryofothersubstancerecords.Paleontologyandresearchcontentorwhethertohistoricaltask,ortheyareingeologicalsciencestatusandthefunction,botharecrosseachotherandcloselylinked.

Geologicalprocess,itistobecausebysomeenergy（outsideforce,internalforce,human）role,andcausetheearth'scrust,crystalstructurematerialcomposition,surfacemorphologyandtheconstantchangeandformationaction.Thegeologicaldividedintothegeologicaleffectofinternalforceandexternalgeologicaltwokindofrole.

Accordingtothewayofexternalforce,thedifferentpointsweathering,erosion,transportationfunction,depositionandconsolidationdigenesis.Weatheringincludesphysicalweathering,chemicalweatheringandbiologicalweathering.Erodingincludesmechanicalweatheringchemicalweathering.Transportfunction,includesmechanicalhandlingandtransportationoftwokindsofchemical.Depositionincludesmechanicaldeposition,chemicaldepositionandthebiologicalsedimentarythreecategories.

Internalforceistheydooccurinthesurface,occursintheinterioroftheearth.Sometimestheyexercisestrongly,suchasearthquake;Sometimesslowly,suchascrustalmovement.

Thegeologicalenergyiswhatproducedtheenergyofthegeologicalprocesses.TheenergyfrominterioroftheearthiscalledInternalenergy,mainlyincludesInnerenergy,gravitationalenergy,earthrotationenergy,chemicalenergyandcrystals.Theenergyfromouteroftheearthiscalledexternalenergy,mainlyincludessolarradiantheat,potentialenergy,tidalenergyandbiologicalenergy.

Geologicalactionwillbringharm,suchasearthquake,volcanoerupts,floodsetc.Thehumaninabilitytochangethegeologicactionrules,butcanunderstandandapplytheserules,sothatisconducivetohumandevelopment,nipinthebud,suchasforecast,preventionofgeologicaldisasters,itmaymitigatetheloss.

Geologicalphenomenonreferstothegeologicalphenomenonofchange.

Geologicalphenomenon,rockfall,landslideanddebrisflow,karsts,rockpile（diluvium）,softsoil,expansivesoil,collapsibleloess,soil,waterdisaster.

Theearthquakeisknownasthe"livinggeologicalphenomenon".Naturalearthquakesaretheearth'stectonicmovementasaformofexpression;astrongearthquakeoccurrenceisusuallyaccompaniedbyamassiveearthquakefaultorothersurfacedamagephenomena.Atthesametime,theundergroundrockaccumulatedstrainenergytoelasticwave（wave）intheformofpropagatingoutward,causingthegroundvibration,therebycausingabuildingcollapsedandhumanandanimalcasualties.Naturalearthquakeandcanbebasedontheirformationisdividedintotectonicearthquake,volcanoearthquakeandcollapseearthquakeofthreeclass.

Geologyisacomprehensivediscipline.Developmenttrendofscienceisabranchtocomprehensive;manyimportantscientificproblemscanbesolvedonlythroughcomprehensiveresearch.Geologyisalsoundergoingthisprocess.Inaglobalperspective,PlatetectonicsisTheimportantembodimentofthetrendwhichputthematerialsresearch,crustandthewholeearthstructureresearch,theearthhistoryresearchasawhole.Geologycanobserveandtheareaofstudyandfieldwillwiden.Inthespace,notonlythroughthedirectorindirectmethodgraduallyintothelithospheredeep,andtothemoon,partofthesolarsystemplanetsandsomeofthegeologicalcharacteristicsofsatellite,willhavemoreunderstanding.

参考文献：

《普通地质学》夏邦东

《地球物理勘探概论》刘天佑

《古生物地史学概论》杜远生童金楠

《大地构造学概论与中国大地构造学纲要》巫建华

《岩石学》徐耀鉴

《结晶学与矿物学基础》赵建刚王娟鹃孙舒东

《矿床学》袁见齐

题目：

地质学

摘要：

地质学是对地质学的概况和基本知识、基本理论的概括介绍，但它不是地质学的一个分支学科，是地质学的入门工具。

其主要内容包括地球的基本知识、外动力作用、地质学的发展与演化等。

随着科学技术的发展，其内容还有一些变化，其要充分吸收和利用其他科学技术的新成果，不断完善学科内容。

正文：

地质学的研究对象是地球。

地球包括固体地球及其外部的大气。

固体地球包括最外层的地壳、中间的地幔及地核三个主要的层圈。

目前主要研究固体地壳的上层，即地壳和地幔的上部。

地质学主要是探索认识地球起源、物质组成与分布、地表形貌、内部构造特征和成因机制、运动规律、动力作用过程及其时空特征。

地球表层的岩石圈（层）是地质学最主要的直接研究对象。

地质学突出研究地球性状及其承上启下的变化历史，同时利用现代高科技和空间技术的实验和观测，充分了解和模拟典型的地质作用动力过程，向精确预测全球演化、趋势和未来状态的方向发展。

地质学对解决矿产、能源、遥感、环境、材料、工程等问题有重要作用。

地质学分支有矿物学、矿床学、岩石学地层学及古生物学、构造地质学、地球化学、地球物理等。

岩石学是研究岩石的物质成分、结构、构造、形成条件、分布规律、成因、成矿关系以及岩石的演变历史和演变规律的学科。

岩石分为沉积岩、火成岩和变质岩三大类。

火成岩岩浆岩是由岩浆冷凝固结后形成的岩石。

岩浆岩通常分为侵入岩和喷出岩两大类。

侵入岩：

是指岩浆在地下冷凝固结形成的岩石。

根据其形成深度的不同，可进一步分为深成岩和浅成岩。

喷出岩：

是指岩浆沿火山通道喷出地表形成的岩石。

沉积岩是在地表不太深的地方，将其他岩石的风化产物和一些火山喷发物，经过水流或冰川的搬运、沉积、成岩作用形成的岩石。

沉积岩主要包括有石灰岩、砂岩、页岩等。

变质岩是指受到地球内部力量（温度、压力、应力的变化、化学成分等）改造而成的新型岩石。

固态的岩石在地球内部的压力和温度作用下，发生物质成分的迁移和重结晶，形成新的矿物组合。

矿物学是研究矿物的化学成分、内部结构、形态、性质、成因、产状，共生组合、变化条件、用途以及它们