高中英语人教版选修八Unit 3 Inventors and inventions using language课时作业 4.docx

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Unit3Inventorsandinventionsusinglanguage课时作业

Ⅰ.完形填空

Doyouthinkyouhavewhatittakestobeasuccessfulscientist?

Asuccessfulscientistisgenerallyagoodobserver.Hemakesfull__1__ofthefactsheobserves.Hedoesn'tacceptideaswhicharenot__2__onobviousfacts,andtherefore__3__toacceptauthorityastheonlyreasonfortruth.Healwayschecksideas__4__andmakesexperimentstoprovethem.

Theriseof__5__sciencemayperhapsbeconsideredto__6__asfarbackasthe__7__ofRogerBacon,thewonderfulphilosopherofOxford,wholived__8__theyears1214and1292.HewasprobablythefirstintheMiddleAgestosuggestthatwemustlearnscience__9__observingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus,andhehimself__10__manyimportanttruths.

Galileo(15641642),however,wholivedmorethan300yearslater,wasthegreatestofseveralgreatmeninItaly,France,Germany,andEngland,__11__begantoshowhowmanyimportant__12__couldbediscoveredbyobservationbydegrees.BeforeGalileo,learnedmenbelievedthatlargebodiesfellmore__13__towardstheearththansmallones,__14__Aristotlesaidso.ButGalileo,goingtothe__15__oftheLeaningTowerofPisa,letfalltwo__16__stonesandprovedAristotlewaswrong.ItwasGalileo's__17__ofgoingdirecttoNature,andprovingour__18__andtheoriesbyexperiment,thathasledtoallthediscoveriesofmodernscience.

What__19__thosepeoplegoodscientists?

FromtheexampleofGalileo,weknowitclearlythatsuccessfulscientistsarethosewhoseobservationshave__20__betterresults.

篇章导读:

本文是一篇议论文。

作者通过实例阐明自己的观点:

一个科学家应该是一个很好的观察者,不能盲目相信他人,应该通过观察和实验来获得正确的观点和理论。

1.A.useB.time

C.speedD.trust

答案:

A 根据语境可知,此处是makeuseof“利用,使用”这一固定词组。

2.A.reliedB.based

C.insistedD.centered

答案:

B 根据该空前的“Hedoesn'tacceptideas”和后面的“onobviousfacts”可知,此处是bebasedon/upon这个固定词组,表示“以……为基础,基于……”。

3.A.refusesB.desires

C.intendsD.regrets

答案:

A 由空格前面的“doesn'taccept”和“andtherefore”可知,此处应选refuses,表示“拒绝”。

4.A.casuallyB.carefully

C.quicklyD.secretly

答案:

B 结合语境“Healwayschecksideas”和后面的“makesexperimentstoprovethem”可知,此处表示仔细地核查那些观点。

5.A.naturalB.physical

C.ancientD.modern

答案:

D 根据下一段的最后一句话中的“thathasledtoallthediscoveriesofmodernscience”可知,此处表示modernscience“现代科学”的兴起。

6.A.dateB.keep

C.lookD.come

答案:

A 由下文的“theyears1214and1292”可知,现代科学的兴起可以追溯到很早的时期。

dateback是一个固定词组,意为“追溯到”。

7.A.studyB.time

C.yearD.birth

答案:

B 结合空格后面的“theyears1214and1292”可知,此处表示罗杰·培根那个时代。

time这里指“时代,年代”。

8.A.bothB.each

C.betweenD.among

答案:

C 根据空格后面的“theyears1214and1292”可知,此处应选between与and连用,表示“在……和……之间”。

9.A.inB.with

C.onD.by

答案:

D 根据后面的“observingandexperimentingonthethingsaroundus”可知,此处表示通过(by)观察我们周围的事情并做实验,因此选by。

10.A.broughtB.discovered

C.tookD.gave

答案:

B 结合空格后面的“manyimportanttruths”可知,他本人发现(discovered)了很多重要的真理。

11.A.whoB.when

C.thatD.where

答案:

A 结合空格前面的“wasthegreatestofseveralgreatmen”可知,先行词是men,故用who引导定语从句。

12.A.truthsB.problems

C.peopleD.subjects

答案:

A 由空后的“couldbediscoveredbyobservation”及上文第10空所在句子可知,很多真理可以通过观察得到发现。

truth“事实,真理”。

13.A.slowlyB.rapidly

C.lightlyD.heavily

答案:

B 结合空格前面的“largebodiesfellmore”和后面的“towardstheearththansmallones”可知,在Galileo之前,学者们认为重的物体比轻的物体自由落体的速度更快,因此选rapidly“迅速地”。

14.A.althoughB.because

C.whenD.if

答案:

B 根据“Aristotlesaidso”的意思可知,这里表示因为(because)亚里士多德是这样说的。

15.A.placeB.foot

C.topD.ceiling

答案:

C 结合空格后面的“oftheLeaningTowerofPisa,letfalltwo__16__stones”可知,伽利略跑到了比萨斜塔的塔顶。

16.A.bigB.small

C.equalD.unequal

答案:

D 由第13空中的关键信息“largebodies”和“smallones”可知,此处表示使用了两个不同重量的石头,因此选unequal“不相等的”。

17.A.spiritB.skill

C.theoryD.discovery

答案:

A 由后面的“ofgoingdirecttoNature”可知,此处表示探索自然的精神(spirit)。

18.A.plansB.opinions

C.worldD.ability

答案:

B 与后面的“andtheoriesbyexperiment”中的theories呼应,此处表示通过实验证明我们的观点(opinions)和理论。

19.A.makesB.prevents

C.considersD.promises

答案:

A 由下文中的“arethosewhoseobservationshave__20__betterresults”可知,此处是说“什么使这些人成为好的科学家”。

make“使……变成”符合句意。

20.A.foreseenB.rejected

C.producedD.challenged

答案:

C 结合上文中所举的例子可知,观察已经产生(produced)了更好的结果。

Ⅱ.阅读理解

A

AlbertEinsteinhadagreateffectonscienceandhistory,andhisachievementwasevengreaterthanonlyafewothergreatscientistshaveachieved.AnAmericanuniversitypresidentoncesaidthatEinsteinhadmadeanewoutlook,anewviewoftheuniverse.Itmaybesometimebeforetheaveragemindunderstandsfullytheidentity(特性)oftimeandspaceandsoon—butevenordinarymennowunderstandthattheuniverseissomethinglargerthaneverthoughtbefore.

By1914youngEinsteinhadbeenworldfamous.HeacceptedtheoffertobecomeaprofessoratthePrussianAcademyofScienceinBerlin.Hehadfewduties,littleteachingandunlimitedchancesforstudy,butsoonhispeaceandquietnesswerebrokenbyWorldWarⅠ.

Einsteinhatedfightingandkilling.Thegreatsufferingofwaraffectedhimdeeply,andhesatunhappilyinhisofficedoinglittle.Helostinterestinhisresearch.Onlywhenpeacecamein1918washeabletogetbacktowork.

IntheyearfollowingWorldWarI,honourswereincreasinglyputonhim.HebecameheadoftheKaiserWhihemInstituteofTheoreticalPhysics.Buthehimselfrefusedtheefforttoputhiminapositionfaraboveotherpeople.Hewaswellknownforhishumble(谦逊的)manner.Heoftensaidthathissuccesswouldcertainlyhavebeenachievedbyothersifhehadneverlived.

In1921hewontheNobelPrize,andhewashonouredinGermanyuntiltheriseofNazism(纳粹)whenhewasdrivenfromGermanybecausehewasaJew.

篇章导读:

本文是一篇人物传记。

文章简要介绍了著名科学家爱因斯坦的事迹,及其对科学和历史产生的巨大影响及其重大贡献。

1.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphis________.

A.thedifficultyofEinstein'sthoughttoothers

B.thefeelingofanAmericanuniversitypresidenttowardsEinstein

C.thedifferencebetweenscienceandhistory

D.thechangeinhumanthoughtproducedbyEinstein

答案:

D 段落大意题。

第一段讲述了爱因斯坦对科学和历史产生了巨大影响,同时也使人们的思想产生了巨大的变化。

2.ItseemstotheAmericanuniversitypresidentthat________.

A.Einsteinachievedmorethananyotherscientistinhistory

B.everybodyunderstandsEinstein'sscientificideas

C.thenewviewoftheuniversecanbequicklylearnedbyeveryone

D.ourideasabouttheuniversearedifferenttodaybecauseofEinstein

答案:

D 推理判断题。

由第一段最后一句可知,爱因斯坦的理论使人们对宇宙的看法发生了转变。

3.Einsteindidhisgreatestwork________.

A.whenNazismrose

B.whenhewasyoung

C.duringWorldWarⅠ

D.afterheleftEurope

答案:

B 推理判断题。

由第三段和最后一段可知爱因斯坦在一战和纳粹时期,几乎没有正常工作,排除A项和C项;本文也没有讲述他离开欧洲以后的科研情况,排除D项;由第二段第一句和最后一段第一句可知,B项所述正确。

4.Fromthepassagewecanknowthat________.

A.Germansusuallyhaveahighrespectforscience

B.Einsteinhadotherinterestsbesidesscience

C.Einsteinwasforcedtoworkagainin1918

D.EinsteinledaquietlifeduringWorldWarⅠ

答案:

A 推理判断题。

由第四段中的第一、三句及最后一段中的“hewashonouredinGermany”可知,德国人民尊敬爱因斯坦,尊敬科学。

B项文中未提及;C、D两项与文意不符。

B

WhenAlfredNobelcreatedtheprizesthatbearhisname,hedecidedthattheybegivenforworkdoneinthepreviousyear.Butithasledtoallkindsoftrouble—asitdidonceagainthismonth,whentheNobelPrizeinMedicineorPhysiologywasawardedtoadeadman.

Itisacomplexstory,onethatcouldnothavebeenforeseenwhenNobel,theSwedishinventor,diedin1896.Butitalltracesbacktohiswill,writtenatatimewheninternationalprizeswereanoriginalidea.

Nobeldidnotsaywhyhewantedtorewardscientistswho“madethemostimportantdiscovery”duringthepreviousyear.OnecanguessthathewantedtorewardpresentdayinnovationandnottogivetombstoneawardstoGalileo,Hippocrates,andotherscientistsfromcenturiespast.

Butwillandscienceoftengotinvolved.Theoneyeartimingprovedimpractical;scientificfindingsgenerallyneedtobetested,sometimesfordecades,beforetheirvalueisappreciated.

PerhapstoavoidtheGalileoproblem,theNobelFoundationdidstateclearlythattheawardbegivenonlytolivingpeople;thatrulewasmadeformalinthe1970s.Buttheruleagainstposthumous(死后的)awardshasnowbeenviolatedseveraltimes—mostrecentlythismonth,whentheprizeinmedicinewasgiventoDrRalphM.Steinman,ascientistatRockefellerUniversity,whodiedthreedaysbeforehiselection.Hisdiscovery,calleddendriticcells(树突细胞),tookplacein1973.

ThefirstposthumouswinnerwasthepoetErikKarlfeldt.Karlfeldthadrefusedhisselectionin1918becausehewasalongtimememberoftheSwedishNobelAcademy.Whenhewasselectedagainin1931,hehaddiedthatApril.

Whathappensifacandidatedies?

TheNobelFoundationmightconsiderchangesatitsnextmeeting.Onepossibilitywouldbetowithhold(阻止)theannouncementofanawarduntilaNobelofficialhearsthewinner'svoiceonthefamousnotificationcalls.

篇章导读:

本文是一篇议论文。

全文论述了诺贝尔奖的评奖规则应做一些变革的原因。

5.WhatdidAlfredNobelcreatetheprizesfor?

A.Tomakehimselfrememberedforever.

B.ToattractinternationalattentiontoSweden.

C.Toencouragecontributionstomankind.

D.Tohonorsomedeadoutstandingdiscoverers.

答案:

C 推理判断题。

根据第三段第一句中的“hewantedtorewardscientistswho‘madethemostimportantdiscovery’”可知,他创立该奖的目的就是鼓励科学发现或重大成就。

6.WhyhastheNobelPrizebroughtabouttrouble?

A.Theoneyeartimingisnotworkable.

B.NobelFoundationtriestobreakhiswill.

C.Nobel'sfortuneisnotwellmanaged.

D.Candidatesarehardtobeselectedworldwide.

答案:

A 细节理解题。

根据第四段第二句“Theoneyeartimingprovedimpractical;scientificfindingsgenerallyneedtobetested,sometimesfordecades,beforetheirvalueisappreciated.”可知以一年为评定时效不可行,故答案为A。

7.WhatdotheexamplesofthescientistRalphM.SteinmanandthepoetErikKarlfeldtsuggest?

A.TheNobelFoundationshouldobeytherules.

B.Somerulesoftheprizecallforreform.

C.TheNobelAcademyfailedtoperformtheirduty.

D.Thewinnershouldliveaverylonglife.

答案:

B 推理判断题。

根据上文可知,

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