新GRE写作第9讲 课件整理版.docx

新GRE写作第9讲 课件整理版.docx

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新GRE写作第9讲课件整理版

新GRE写作第9讲课件整理版

【定语从句】

1，基本概念：

用作定语的从句

先行词：

定语从句修饰的对象

关系词：

指代先行词、连结主句与从句，在定语从句中充当一定成分的连结词

1）关系代词：

whowhomwhichthatwhose

2）关系副词：

whenwherewhy

1）关系代词：

whowhomwhichthatwhose

需要修饰一个“人”时，在该先行词后，用who（或that）或whom指称这个“人”，然后再以who（或that）或whom为主语或宾语写出一个完整的句子，表达需要表达的意思，即可完成这种复杂的修饰。

●OldLuoisaguywhoisfat.

●OldLuoisaguywithwhomsheisinlove.

当我们需要通过说明与某人有所属关系的事物来修饰某人时，在某人后用whose修饰的名词作为主语造句，表达需要表达的意思，即可完成修饰。

●Iknowaguywhosebrotherisarockstar.

当我们需要修饰某“物”的属性时，在该物后面加上which或that，并以其为主语造句，表达需要表达的意思，即可完成修饰。

在which之前可以有逗号，that之前则不能出现逗号。

●Wearetalkingaboutsentenceswhichcontainadjectiveclauses.

which指代的先行词还可以是短语或句子。

●Igained3kilogramsduringthepastweek,whichmakesmeveryupset.

2）关系副词：

whenwherewhy

当我们需要修饰某一个时间，表示“在这个时间还发生了什么事情”之类的含义时，只需在该时间后加上When，再以When为时间状语造句，表达需要表达的意思，即可完成修饰。

●IwillneverforgetthatdayinearlyJune,1989,whensomethinghorriblehappenedontheGoddamnsquare.

当我们需要修饰某一个地点，表示“在这个地点还发生了什么事情”之类的含义时，只需在该时间后加上Where，再以Where为地点状语造句，表达需要表达的意思，即可完成修饰。

●IwillneverforgettheGoddamnsquarewheresomethinghorriblehappenedthatdayinearlyJune,1989.

当我们需要修饰某一个原因，表示“因为这个原因还发生了什么事情”之类的含义时，只需在该原因后加上why，再以Why为原因状语造句，表达需要表达的意思，即可完成修饰。

Why的先行词一般都是reason，但是该词可以省略。

●IwillneverforgetthereasonwhysomethinghorriblehappenedthatdayinearlyJune,1989,ontheGoddamnsquare.

【状语从句】

状语从句＝连接词＋句子

1，表示原因的连词

Because，since，as，for

inthat

●GREismuchharderthanTOEFLinthatitisatestinEnglish,notanEnglishtest.

seeingthat，nowthat，consideringthat，giventhat

notthat...butthat

●Ididn’tdomyhomeworkforyourlastlecture,notthatIwaslazy,butthatIsimplydidn’thavethetime.

inasmuchas，insomuchas，inasmuchas，insomuchas

Thepossibilitiesforpeacearestillremoteinasmuchasthetwopartiescouldnotreachanconsensus.

2，表示目的的连词

sothat，inorderthat，

that

●Wearemetonagreatbattlefieldofthatwar.

●Wehavecometodedicateaportionofthatfieldasafinalrestingplaceforthosewhoheregavetheirlivesthatthatnationmightlive.

“高级”连结词：

onpurposethat

●Theteacherraisedhisvoiceonpurposethatthestudentsinthebackcouldhearmoreclearly.

3，表示结果的连接词

so...that

●Sam:

Isawyoupushingyourbiketoworkthismorning.

Fred:

Yes,IwassolatethatIdidn’thavetimetogetonit.

such...that

●Sam:

Isawyoupushingyourbiketoworkthismorning.

Fred:

Yes,IwasinsuchahurrythatIdidn’thavetimetogetonit.

suchthat，suchthat=soadj.that

●Humannatureissuchthatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecominggovernmentalemployees.

tothedegreethat，totheextentthat，

tosuchadegreethat，tosuchanextentthat

●Thebereavedmotherwasgrievedtothedegreethatshecouldn’teatanythingfor3days.

●Hishealthdeterioratedtosuchanextentthathewasforcedtoretire.

结果状语从句的倒装：

把so/such引导的部分提前，倒装谓语动词

●Lighttravelssofastthatitishardforustoimagineitsspeed.

Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitishardforustoimagineitsspeed.

●Humannatureissuchthatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecominggovernmentalemployees.

Suchishumannaturethatagreatmanypeopleareoftenwillingtosacrificehigherpayfortheprivilegeofbecominggovernmentalemployees.

4，表示条件的连接词

if/unless

supposethat，supposingthat，providing/providedthat，so/aslongas

onconditionthat

●Iwillconsiderbeingyourgirlfriendonconditionthatyouhavegotatleasta3-bedroomapartmentandanAudiA6.

5，表示让步的连接词

Although，though，eventhough，evenif

While

●Whilegirlsarealwaystellingyouthat“youareaniceperson”,whattheyreallymeanisthatyoushouldquittryingandsettlebeinganormalfriend.

nomatter+what/who/，when/where/which/how

whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever/whichever/however

●Nomatterwhathappens/Whateverhappens,Iwillalwaysbethereforyou.

as引导的倒装句表示让步：

形容词/副词/分词/名词（无冠词）/短语＋as+主语＋谓语动词，句子

●Difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdroughtintheformofinactiveeggs.

as/so+形容词＋as＋主谓，结构放在句首表让步

●Asmuchashehatestodoit,Johnhastostayhomeandfinishreadingthebook.

句首用be的倒装句表让步

●Allsubstances,betheygaseous,liquidorsolid,aremadeupofatoms.

【三大从句的简化】

一、名词从句的简化

由that引导的名词从句简化成动名词

把从句主语变成物主代词表示动词的逻辑主语。

●ThatJohnwonthecompetitionsurprisedus.

John’swinningthecompetitionsurprisedus.

that引导的同位语从句简化

“名词＋that＋同位语从句”变成“名词＋of/about＋主语＋动名词”

●TherewasnochancethatDavidwouldcomefromthebattlealive.

TherewasnochanceofDavidcomingfromthebattlealive.

that引导的宾语从句简化

that引导的宾语从句可以转化成动名词，也可以转化成不定式，取决于主句谓语动词的用法。

●IconsiderthatIwillemigratetoAmericainthefuture.

IconsideremigratingtoAmericainthefuture.

●Jane’smotherinsistedthatsheshouldgoswimmingwithherbrother.

Jane’smotherinsistedonhergoingswimmingwithherbrother.

●IhopethatIcangeta6inGREAW.

Ihopetogeta6inGREAW.

由whether或what引导的名词从句简化成不定式

由疑问句变来的，即由whether或what等引导的名词从句，主要是宾语从句，简化成不定式。

这种能够转化的宾语从句中往往含有should或can或could等情态动词

●Shecan’tdecidewhethersheshouldgowithhimorstayhome.

Shecan’tdecidewhethertogowithhimortostayhome.

二、定语从句的简化

定语从句简化成短语

关系词在定语从句中充当宾语，这样的定语从句不能简化成一个短语；

只有关系词在定语从句中作主语时，才能把定语从句简化为短语所有的后置定语都可以视作定语从句简化后的结果，都可以用定语从句改写。

●Thepeoplewhowereresponsiblefortheincidentwereallpunished.

Thepeopleresponsiblefortheincidentwereallpunished.

定语从句简化成分词

主从句时态一致时定语从句才能简化成分词短语

●Chinaisadevelopingcountrywhichbelongstothe3rdworld.

Chinaisadevelopingcountrybelongingtothe3rdworld.

定语从句简化成不定式

被theonly,thelast,thenext，序数词和最高级形容词修饰的名词，所接的定语从句用不定式简化。

●Youaretheonlyonethatcanunderstandme.

Youaretheonlyonetounderstandme.

●ThenexttrainthatarrivesisfromNewYork.

ThenexttraintoarriveisfromNewYork.

三、状语从句的简化

只有状语从句的主语和主句的主语相同时，才能把状语从句换成短语。

●Whiletheteacherwaslecturingtotheclass,Ifellasleep.

Whilelecturingtotheclass,Ifellasleep.

●Atigercan’tbetamedunlessitiscaughtveryyoung.

Atigercan’tbetamedunlesscaughtveryyoung.

只有目的状语从句能被不定式简化。

●Ispokeslowlyandclearlysothat/inorderthattheaudiencecouldunderstandme.

Ispokeslowlyandclearlyinorderfortheaudiencetounderstandme.

【Argument常用句型】

与统计相关

●Thesurveycitedbytheauthoristoovaguetobeinformative.

●Theauthordoesnotindicate（failstoprovideinformationconcerning）howmanypeoplerespondedtothesurveyandwhethertherespondentscanrepresent......

●Untilthequestionof......isanswered,itisimpossibletoassessthevalidityand

●reliabilityofthesurvey.

●Theauthorprovidesnoevidencethatthenumberoftherespondentsisstatisticallysignificantorthattherespondentsarerepresentativeofallthe......ingeneral.

●Lackinginformationabouttherandomnessofsamplingorthesizeofthesurvey’ssample,theauthorcannotmakeaconvincingargumentbasedonthesurvey.

●Therecommendationandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedreliesonthestatisticalreliabilityofthesurvey.

●Therefore,thesituationmayindicatethattherespondentswerenotchosenrandomlyandthesamplemaylackrepresentativeness.

●Noinformationisavailableaboutwhetherthesampleofthestudyislargeenoughorwhetherthesubjectsarerepresentativeof......

●Therefore,thesituationmayindicatethattherespondentswerenotchosenrandomlyandthesamplemaylackrepresentativeness.

●Ifthestudyhasonlysurveyedasmallfractionofallthe......,theresultofthestudywouldbetoounsubstantiatedtoleadtoanyconclusion.

●Evenifthenumberofsubjectsisindeedsignificant,thevalueofthestudywouldstillbedoubtfulifthe......surveyedonlyrepresentsomesubgroups,forexample,.......

与因果相关

●Theauthorconfuseacause-and-effectrelationshipwithamerecorrelation（temporalsequence）.

●Asignificantcorrelationbetween......and......indicates,butdoesnotprove,acausalrelationshipbetweenthem.

●Itispossiblethatotherfactorsmighthavecaused........Forexample.......

●Unlesstheauthoralsoconsidersandeliminatesalltheotherplausiblealternativecauses,theargumentisvulnerabletocriticism.

●Theauthorfailstoestablishacausalrelationshipbetween......and.......

●Toestablishavalidcausalrelationship,otherfactorsthatcouldbringaboutthisresultmustbeconsideredandeliminated（ruledout）.Forexample.......

●Nevertheless,themerefactthat......parallels......doesnotnecessarilyestablishacausalrelationshipbetweenthetwophenomena.

●Manyotherfactorscouldhavebroughtabout.......Forinstances,......mayallbecrucialfactorsthatcontributeto......（theresult）.

与类比相关

●TheargumentabovehighlydependsontheanalogybetweenAandB.

●Therecanbesomeconvincingreasonsthatthisanalogyisnotonlyinvalidbutalsomisleading.

●Itishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsfromthecaseof......areapplicableto.......

●Differencesbetweenthesituationshavetobeseriouslyconsideredbeforeanyconclusionisdrawn.Forexample......

●NumerousdifferencesmayexistbetweenAandB.Forexample,......,whichmaypossiblyaffect......（theconclusion）,varyalotbetween/among........

●Alltheseandotherpossibledifferencesmayunderminethereliabilityoftheanalogy,andhencetheconclusionthat......

与偷换概念相关

●Theconclusionthat...suggeststhatitispresumedthat....Thisiscertainlynotalwaysthecase.Itisperfectlypossiblethat...

●Nowevenassumingtheabove-discussedquestionablepremisesandassumptionsaresoundenough,onecannotjumptotheconclusionthat.......

●...and...（偷换