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句子的成分实用1
英语句子的成分及简单句的五种基本句式
【问】什么是句子成分?
英语句子包含哪些成分?
【答】组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
它包括:
主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。
【问】各成分在句中的作用如何?
分别由哪些词及短语充当?
1.主语:
是句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。
如:
■Thecarisrunningfast./ThegirlcansingmanyEnglishsongs.(名词)
■Wearestudents./Thisismypen.Yoursisonthedesk.(代词)
■OneofmyclassmatesisfromShanghai./Twoandthreeisfinve.(数词)
■Theblindneedmorehelp.(名词化的形容词)
■It'sbadmannerstospitinpublic.(不定式)
■Eatingtoomuchisbadforyourhealth.(动名词)
■【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。
2.谓语:
说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,一般由动词充当。
动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。
实义动词单独作谓语,连系动词与表语一起构成谓语,情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语,助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。
如:
■由单一动词作谓语:
WeareChinese./HehasanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.
■情态动词加主要动词:
Wecanplaythepiano./Youmustseethedoctor.
■助动词加主要动词构成谓语:
Sheistalkingwithhersister./Ihaveseenthismanbefore.
【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。
3.表语:
用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受,一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。
常用的连系动词有:
be,look,get,sound(听起来),feel,become,smell,turn,taste(尝起来)等。
如:
■Theyareworkers.(名词)
■Twoandthreeisfive.(数词)
■Thestoryisveryinteresting.(形容词)
■Myjob(工作)isteachingEnglish.(动名词)
■Sheisathome.(介词短语)
■Ifeelterrible.(形容词)
■Thedishtastesdelicious.(形容词)
■Heishere(副词)
■It’sgettingdark./Hegotveryangry./Thehillhasturnedgreen.(形容词)
4,宾语:
是及物动词所涉及的对象,是动作的对象或承受者。
一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。
如:
■Heisdoinghishomework./Isawaplaneintheskyjustnow.(名词)
■Theydidnothingthismorning./Imethimonmywayhome.(代词)
■Iwantthree./Pleasepassmethefirst.(数词)
■Shewantstogohome.(不定式)
■Weenjoyplayingfootball.(动名词)
■【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语,间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物。
这类动词常见的有:
give,buy,lend,pass,tell,leave等。
如:
■Heboughtmeabook.
■Passmetheball,willyou?
(间宾+直宾)
■直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后,但若把直接宾语放在前面,则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或for等。
如:
■HanChenlentsomemoneytoLiHai.(直宾+间宾)
■XiaoLiuboughtadictionaryforTom.(直宾+间宾)
■②有的动词常用不定式作宾语,而不能用动名词。
这类动词有:
want,wish,hope,promise,decide,agree,choose,care等。
如:
■Ihopetoseeyouagain.
■③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式。
这类动词有:
enjoy,finish,mind,practise,miss,suggest,keep(on)等。
如:
■Doyoumindmyopeningthewindow?
■④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。
■a)forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”,forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。
如:
■Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)
■Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了)
■b)stoptodo(不定式为状语)表示“停下
■原来的事,去做另一件事”,stopdoing表示“停止做某事”。
如:
■Istoppedtotalkwithhim.(我停下来与他谈话。
)
■Thestudentsstoppedtalkingwhentheteachercamein.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。
■注意:
英语中带有宾语的谓语动词叫及物动词,不带宾语的叫不及物动词。
及物动词后必须跟上宾语意义才完整,不及物动词本身意义已完整,后面不跟宾语。
■Youmayusemypen./Doyoulikefish?
(及物)
■Dickswimsverywell./Thesunrisesintheeast.(不及物)
■不及物动词可加介词再加宾语
■Wearelisteningtothemusic.
■Theyaretalkingtoeachother.
既可以作及物动词又可以作不及物动词的词:
■Wearegrowingtomatoes./Tomatoesgrowwellinourgarden.
■TheyleftShanghaiyesterday./Theyleftyesterday.
■Mymotherteachesinthisschool./SheteachesEnglish.
■Wearestudying./WestudyEnglish.
■Webeganourlessonatnine./Thelecturebeganatnine.
5.直接宾语与间接宾语。
■有些及物动词可带有两个宾语,其中一个指物(直接宾语),另一个指人(间接宾语)。
我们称为双宾语。
■动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)
Helentmeabook./Heboughtmeapen./IhavetaughtmyselfEnglishfortenyears.
■动词+直接宾语(物)+(to,for)+间接宾语(人)
Hegavehissonsomeadvice.=Hegavesomeadvicetohisson.
Fatherboughtmeacomputer.=Fatherboughtacomputerforme.
6.定语:
用于修饰名词或代词,一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。
如:
■Whatabeautifulkiteitis!
/Theyhaveacleverson.(形容词)
■Sheisachemistryteacher./Itisacolourfilm.(名词)
■Therearetwostudentsintheclassroom.(数词)
■Thissongisbetterthanthatone.(代词)
■Doyouknowtheyoungmanoverthere?
(副词)
■Wehavesomethingtodotomorrow.(不定式)
■Themaninblueismybrother.(介词短语)
■【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前,但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语,则放在后面。
7.状语:
用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。
单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前,短语或从句放在句首或句末。
如:
■Thankyouverymuch.(副词表示程度)
■Theoldmaniswalkingslowly.(副词表示方式)
■Heusuallygetsupatsix.(副词表示时间)
■Weallworkhere.(副词表示地点)
■Igetupatfiveinthemorning.(介词短语表示时间)
■Heisstudyinghardsoastocatchupwithothers.(不定式短语)
■Wewerehavingbreakfastwhenthetelephonerang.(从句)
■【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。
如:
■Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.
8.宾语补足语:
用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。
需接复合宾语的动词有:
tell,let,help,teach,ask,see,have,order,make等。
“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。
如:
■Weelectedhimmonitor./(名词)
■IfounditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell./Thesunkeepsuswarm./Wefindthestoryveryinterestingh.(形容词)
■Ifoundherintheroom.(介词短语)
■Pleaselethimin./IsawhimoutwithXiaoLi.(副词)
■Thedoctortoldmetodomoreexercise.(不定式短语)
■Heisgoingtohavehishaircut.(过去分词)
■Theysawabirdflyinginthesky.(现在分词)
句子结构
简单句的五个基本句型
主语+不及物动词 Shecame./Myheadaches.
主语+及物动词+宾语 ShelikesEnglish.
主语+系动词 +表语 Sheishappy.
主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 ShegaveJohnabook.
Sheboughtabookforme.
主语+宾补动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补语Shemakeshermotherangry.
Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage
(There+be Thereliesabookonthedesk. )
句子成分练习题
(一)
(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词
①Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.
②Thereisanoldmancominghere.
③Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.
④Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.
(二)选出句中谓语的中心词
①Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.
A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall
②Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.
A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer
③Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?
A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus
④Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.
A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon
⑤Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?
A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast
⑥Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.
A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hishomework
⑦WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.
A.wantB.totellC.youD.is
⑧Wehadbettersendforadoctor.
A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor
⑨Heisinterestedinmusic.
A.isB.interestedC.inD.music
⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?
A.giveB.didC.whomD.book
(三)挑出下列句中的宾语
①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.
②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.
③Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.
④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?
⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?
⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.
⑦Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.
⑧Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.
⑨Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.
⑩Theydidn'tknowwho"FatherChristmas"reallyis.
(四)挑出下列句中的表语
①Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.
②WhyisheworriedaboutJim?
③Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.
④SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.
⑤Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.
(五)挑出下列句中的定语
①TheyuseMr,Mrswiththefamilyname.
②Whatisyourgivenname?
③OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.
④Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.
⑤Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.
⑥Iamaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!
(六)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.
②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.
③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.
④TheycallmeLilysometimes.
⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.
⑥DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?
(七)挑出下列句中的状语
①Therewasabigsmileonherface.
②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.
③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.
④Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.
⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.
⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.
⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.
⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.
(八)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
①Pleasetellusastory.
②Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.
③MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.
④Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.
⑤Didheleaveanymessageforme?
句子成分练习题
(二)
A
1、___sixyearssinceIbegantostudyEnglish.
A.ItisB.IhavebeenC.ThereareD.Itwas
2、___intheroomatthattime.
A.NobodywasB.SomeonewereC.WhoisD.Heare
3、IT'Sverynoisyoutside.___isgoingon?
A.WhoB.WhatC.WhichD.Where
4、___inEnglishinclasseverydayisimportant.
A.SpeakB.TalkingC.SayingD.Totell
5、Theremustbe____nearthefactory.
A.abookstoreB.bookstoreC.booksstoreD.booksstores
6、Althoughit'sraininghard,___arestillworkinginthefields.
A.buttheyB.andtheyC.theyD.sincethey
B
1、Thedoctoraswellasthenurses___greatconcernforthepatients.
A.showB.showsC.haveshownD.areshowing
2、Yoursonmustbeacleverboy,___he?
A.isB.isn'tC.mustD.mustn't
3、Thecomputercenter,___lastyear,isverypopularamongstudentsinthisschool.
A.openB.openingC.openedD.beingopened
4、I___gototheshoptoday,forthereisalotoffoodathome.
A.mustn'tB.hadtoC.can'tD.needn't
5、Don't___excited.
A.getB.isC.seemD.look
6Thisroom___everymorning.
A.iscleaningB.iscleanedC.cleansD.cleaning
C
1、Gladtomeetyou!
___isyourfullname?
A.WhatB.WhereC.HowD.Who
2、Heis___tolifttheheavybox.
A.tooweakB.weaktooC.enoughweakD.weakenough
3、Thedaysare___warmerandwarmerinspring.
A.gettingB.lookingC.seemingD.going
4、Hisjobis____English.
A.teachB.toteachC.taughtD.teaches
5、Twoballsare___.
A.underthedeskB.inthewallC.tohereD.atdesks
D
1、Weshouldgetready___others.
A.helpingB.tohelpC.helpD.helpwith
2、___interestingworkwearedoing?
A.Wh