论文外文文献翻译3000字左右.pdf

论文外文文献翻译3000字左右.pdf

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南京航空航天大学金城学院南京航空航天大学金城学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部系部经济系专业专业国际经济与贸易学生姓名学生姓名陈雅琼学号学号2011051115指导教师指导教师邓晶职称职称副教授2015年5月Economicpolicy,tourismtradeandproductivediversification（Excerpt）IzaLejrraga,PeterWalkenhorstThebroadlessonthatcanbeinferredfromtheanalysisisthatpromotingtourismlinkageswiththeproductivecapabilitiesofahostcountryisamulti-facetedapproachinfluencedbyavarietyofcountryconditions.Amongthese,fixedorsemi-fixedfactorsofproduction,suchasland,labor,orcapital,seemtohavearelativelyminorinfluence.Withinthedomainofnaturalendowments,onlyagriculturalcapitalemergedassignificant.Thisisaresultthatcorrespondstoexpectations,giventhatfoodsandbeveragesaretheprimarysourceofdemandinthetourismeconomy.Hence,investmentsinagriculturaltechnologymayfomentlinkageswiththetourismmarket.Itisalsoworthmentioningthatforsignificantbackwardlinkagestoemergewithlocalagriculture,alargerscaleoftourismmaybeimportant.Accordingtotheregressionresults,astrongtourismagriculturenexuswillnotnecessarilydevelopatasmallscaleoftourismdemand.Itappearsthatvariablesrelatedtotheentrepreneurialcapitalofthehosteconomyareofnotableexplanatorysignificance.Thehumandevelopmentindex（HDI）,whichisusedtomeasureacountrysgenerallevelofdevelopment,issignificantlyandpositivelyassociatedwithtourismlinkages.Oneplausibleexplanationforthisisthatinternationaltourists,whooftenoriginateinhigh-incomecountries,mayfeelmorecomfortableandthusbeinclinedtoconsumemoreinahostcountrythathasalife-styletowhichtheycanrelateeasily.Moreover,itisimportanttorememberthattheHDIalsocapturestherelativeachievementsofcountriesinthelevelofhealthandeducationofthepopulation.Therefore,ahigherHDIreflectsahealthierandmoreeducatedworkforce,andthus,thequalityoflocalentrepreneurship.Relatedtothispoint,itisimportanttounderscorethatthelevelofparticipationofwomeninthehosteconomyalsohasasignificantlypositiveeffectonlinkages.Insum,enhancinglocalentrepreneurialcapitalmayexpandthelinkagesbetweentourismandothersectorsofthehostcountry.Formalinstitutionsandtheirregulatorycontrolofthemarket,proxiedbythesizeofthegovernmentandpricecontrols,werenotfoundtohavesignificanteffectsonlinkagesformation.Despitetheimportanceofdemocraticgovernance,thiswasnotidentifiedasakeydeterminanteither.Ontheotherhand,thesignificanceofinformalinstitutionsaccordswiththeclusteringdynamicsinherentintourism,inwhichlinkagesareformedonthebasisofself-enforcing“relations-based”governance.Also,informalstructurescostlessthanformal,rules-driveninstitutionalframeworksforentrepreneurship.Therefore,highlyformalizedregulationscandeterthespontaneousandcost-drivencoordinationamongpotentiallocalsuppliersandthepotentialbuyersofthetourismeconomy.Onetypeofformalinstitutionsthatdoesmatterispolicingandvigilance.Aswouldbeexpected,theresultsshowthatcountrieswithhigherincidenceofviolenceorcrimearesignificantlyassociatedwithlowerlevelsoftourismlinkages.Indeed,thecoordinationofprovidersintourismclustersdependsfundamentallyontrustamonglocalentrepreneursandtrustcanhardlyflourishinanenvironmentcharacterizedbysocialconflict.Equallyimportant,theperceptionofviolenceonthepartoftouristsandhotelswilldissuadetouristsfromventuringbeyondthesafeboundariesofthe“enclave”hotelresort.Finally,hotelmanagersandotherforeigninvestorsinthetourismeconomywillbelessinclinedtomaintainproductiverelationswiththehosteconomyintheabsenceofpredictabilityandstability.Therefore,investmentsininstitutionsthatmaintainsafetyandaperceptionofsafety,inthehosteconomyappearcriticalforspawningcoordination.Whileallcountrydomainsmaybeplayingaroleinfosteringorhinderinglinkages,thebusinessenvironmentseemstoexertanoverridinginfluenceonlinkages.Aftercontrollingforacountrysnaturalendowments,levelofdevelopment,andinstitutionalmaturity,thebusinessenvironmentonitsownexplainsalmost20%ofcross-countryvariationsinlinkages.Inparticular,thelevelofcorporatetaxesinthehosteconomyisassociatedwiththemostsignificantadverseeffectontheformationoflinkages,inconformitywiththelower-costmotivationunderlyingtourism-ledlinkagecreation.Also,awidespreadusageofinternetisalsosignificantlyassociatedwithapositiveeffectintheabilityofsupplierstoorchestratecoordinationintourismlinkages.Moreover,theresultssuggestthattherecouldbearoleforgovernmentinimprovingtradefacilitationandreducingtransportationcosts.Also,maintaininganopentraderegimeseemstobecriticalfortheemergenceoflinkages.Thisunderscorestheimportanceofnotprotectinginefficienteconomicactivitiesandopeningpotentialproductsfortourismdemandt