武大考博英语试题及答案.pdf

武大考博英语试题及答案.pdf

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1武汉大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值（满分值100100分）分）科目名称：

英语科目代码：

1101注意：

所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。

PartIReadingComprehension（220=40points）Directions:

Inthispartofthetest,therewillbe5passagesforyoutoread.Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YouaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET.PassageOneMrGordonisrightthatthesecondindustrialrevolutioninvolvednever-to-be-repeatedchanges.Butthatdoesnotmeanthatdriverlesscarscountfornothing.MessrsErixonandWeigelarealsorighttoworryabouttheWestsdismalrecentrecordinproducingnewcompanies.Butmanyoldfirmsarenotrunbybureaucratsandhavereinventedthemselvesmanytimesover:

GeneralElectricmustbeonatleastitsninthlife.Andtheimpactofgiantnewfirmsborninthepast20yearssuchasUber,GoogleandFacebookshouldnotbeunderestimated:

theyhavealltheSchumpeteriancharacteristicstheauthorsadmire.Onthepessimistssidethestrongestargumentreliesnotoncloselywatchingcorporateandinvestorbehaviorbutratheronmacro-levelstatisticsonproductivity.Thefiguresfromrecentyearsaretrulydismal.KarimFoda,oftheBrookingsInstitution,calculatesthatlaborproductivityintherichworldisgrowingatitsslowestratesince1950.Totalfactorproductivity（whichtriestomeasureinnovation）hasgrownatjust0.1%inadvancedeconomiessince2004,wellbelowitshistoricalaverage.Optimistshavetworetorts.Thefirstisthattheremustbesomethingwrongwiththefigures.Onepossibilityisthattheyfailtocountthehugeconsumersurplusgivenawayfreeofchargeontheinternet.Butthisisunconvincing.Theofficialfiguresmaywellbeunderstatingtheimpactoftheinternetrevolution,justastheydownplayedtheimpactofelectricityandcarsinthepast,buttheyarenotunderstatingitenoughtoexplaintherecentdeclineinproductivitygrowth.Another,secondlineofargumentthattheproductivityrevolutionhasonlyjustbegunismorepersuasive.OverthepastdecademanyITcompaniesmayhavefocusedonthingsthatweremore“funthanfundamental”inPaulKrugmansphrase.ButSiliconValleysbestcompaniesarecertainlyfocusingonthingsthatchangethematerialworld.2UberandAirbnbarebringingdramaticimprovementstotwolargeindustriesthathavebeenmoreorlessstuckfordecades.MorganStanleyestimatesthatdriverlesscarscouldresultin$507billionayearofproductivitygainsinAmerica,mainlyfrompeoplebeingabletostareattheirlaptopsinsteadofattheroad.1.Whathasledtothepessimisticopinionconcerningtheworldseconomy?

A.Itisbasedonmacro-levelstatisticsonproductivity.B.Itisbasedoncloseobservationoncorporateandinvestorbehavior.C.Itisduetothefactthatmanyoldfirmsarenotrunbybureaucrats.D.Itisduetothefactthatnotenoughnewfirmshavebeencreated.2.Thefirstargumentontheoptimistssideisunconvincingbecausetheofficialfigures_.A.arebothwrongandunconvincingB.downplaytheinternetrevolutionC.failtoincludetheconsumersurplusD.cantexplainthedeclineinproductivitygrowth3.WhatistrueabouttheITcompaniesinSiliconValley?

A.Theyhaveonlyfocusedonthefunpartoflife.B.Theyhavemadeadifferenceintherealworld.C.Theyhavemorepersuasiveproductivity.D.Theyhaveonlyjustbeguntodevelop.4.HowcandriverlesscarsbenefitAmericanindustries?

A.DriverlesscarshaverevivedtwolargeAmericanindustries.B.Thesaleofdriverlesscarscanreachhundredsofbilliondollars.C.Thankstothempeoplefreefromdrivingcandomorecreativework.D.DriverlesscarshavestimulatedthedevelopmentofUberandAirbnb.PassageTwoWinstonChurchillwasoneofthecentralstatesmenofthe20thcenturyand,almost50yearsafterhisdeath,remainsasubjectofenduringfascination.Partofthecurrentinterestinthisvenerablefigurecanbeattributedtotwosuperbbiographieswritteninthe1980sbyhistorianWilliamManchester:

“TheLastLion:

VisionsofGlory”and“TheLastLion:

Alone.”Thesetwobooksexaminedthefirsttwo-thirdsofChurchillslife.Unfortunately,aftercompletingthesecondvolume,Manchestershealthdeclinedandtherestoftheprojectstalled.Sogreatwaspublicinterestinthelong-delayedfinalvolumethatitwasthesubjectofafrontpagestoryinTheNewYorkTimes.Eventually,in2003,ManchesteraskedhisfriendPaulReidtocompletethetrilogy.Now,nearlyadecadelater,ReidhaspublishedTheLastLion,thefinalpieceofthismonumentalundertaking.ReidstartswhenChurchillwasappointedprimeministerinMay1940and3followshimthroughhisdeathin1965.WhilemostofthisvolumeisappropriatelydevotedtoWorldWarII,italsoincludesthevastexpansionoftheBritishwelfarestatefollowingthewar,thestartoftheColdWara