AP-微观经济学讲义-基础.pdf

AP-微观经济学讲义-基础.pdf

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1APEconomicsChapter2TheDisciplineofEconomics-ByJacindaJia2TopicListWhatiseconomicsMicrovs.MacroeconomicsPositivevs.normativeeconomicsOpportunitycostProductionpossibilitiesfrontierComparativeadvantage3EconomicsdefinedEconomicsisasocialsciencethatstudieshowresourcesareusedandisoftenconcernedwithhowresourcescanbeusedtotheirfullestpotential.Considerthecaseofastudentwhohasonly24hrstospendeachday.Oneproblemeverystudentfacesisjusthowmuchtimeshouldbeallocatedtoeachofthevariousactivitiesthatmakeforafulllife.Thisisaneconomicproblem,sincethestudentmustdecidehowtheresource（time）willbeusedtoitsmaximumpotential.4EconomicsdefinedThedisciplineofeconomicsisnotdirectlyconcernedwithmoneyorpoliticsorthestockmarket,howevereconomicproblemsaboundineachoftheseareas.1.Peoplewanttospendtheirmoneyinthebestway.2.Politicianswanttomakedecisionstoachievethemaximumbenefit.3.Investorswantthehighestreturnfromtheirearnings.Anytimesomeoneistryingtomakethemostoutofwhathehas,weareintherealmofeconomics.5Macroeconomicsvs.MicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsThestudyofhowhouseholdsandbusinessesmakechoices,howtheyinteractinmarkets,andhowthegovernmentattemptstoinfluencetheirchoices.MacroeconomicsThestudyoftheeconomyasawhole,includingtopicssuchasinflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth.6Macroeconomicsvs.Microeconomics?

I:

Theeffectofhighercigarettetaxesonthequantityofcigarettessold.A:

Theeffectofhigherincometaxesonthetotalamountofconsumerspending.A:

ThereasonsfortheeconomicsofEastAsiancountriesgrowingfasterthantheeconomiesofsub-SaharanAfricancountries.I:

Thereasonsforlowratesofprofitintheairlineindustry.7NormativeandPositiveEconomicsThedisciplineofeconomicscanbesplitinanotherway-positiveandnormativeeconomics.Positiveeconomicsisbasedonthescientificmethod,andisconcernedwithwhatis.Normativeeconomicsinvolvesvaluejudgments,andisconcernedwithwhatoughttobe.8NormativeandPositiveEconomicsItmayappearasifpositiveeconomicsisasuperiorformofthedisciplinesinceitisgroundedinthescientificmethodandnormativeeconomicsisbasedonopinions.However,normativeeconomicsisacrucialpartoftheeconomicsdiscipline.Anyscientificstudywillrequireanexperiment,andexperimentscanbedesignedtohighlightascientistsprejudices.Evenifaneconomistcankeephisbiasesoutofastudy,whydidhechoosethisparticularquestiontoinvestigate?

Howevermucheconomistsstrivetobelikebiologistsandphysicists,therewillalwaysbealargenormativeaspect.9NormativeandPositiveEconomics/Analysis?

A50-cent-per-packtaxoncigaretteswillreducesmokingbyteenagersby12%.ThefederalgovernmentshouldspendmoreonAIDsresearch.Risingpaperpriceswillincreasetextbookprices.ThepriceofcoffeeatStarbucksistoohigh.10ResourcesAresourceisanythingthatcanbeusedtoproduceagoodorservice.InMacroeconomicseveryresourceisclassifiedintooneofthreecategories:

1.Land2.Labor3.Capital11OpportunityCostOpportunityCostThehighest-valuedalternativethatmustbegivenupinordertoengageinanactivity.Itiswhatmustbesacrificedtoobtainsomething.P14table2.112ProductionPossibilitiesFrontierProductionpossibilitiesfrontierAcurveshowingalltheattainablecombinationsoftwoproductsthatmaybeproducedwithavailableresources.13ProductionPossibilitiesFrontierGraphingtheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier2-1BMWsProductionPossibilitiesFrontier14DrawingaProductionPossibilitiesFrontierforRosiesBostonBakery2-1LEARNINGOBJECTIVE1HoursSpentMakingQuantityMadeChoiceCakesPiesCakesPiesA5050B4142C3234D2326E1418F0501015ProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTwofactorscausethePPFtoSHIFT:

1.Changesintheamountofresourcesintheeconomy2.Changesintechnologyandproductivity16ProductionPossibilitiesFrontiersShiftEconomicGrowthTheabilityoftheeconomytoproduceincreasingquantitiesofgoodsandservices.2-3EconomicGrowth17LawofincreasingcostsThePPFisnottypicallyastraightline.Opportunitycostwillnotbeconstantintherealworld.Thelawofincreasingcostsstatesthatasmoreofaproductisproduced,theopportunitycostincreases.RefertoTable2.2-p1718LawofincreasingcostsThePPFisnottypicallyastraightline.Opportunitycostwillnotbeconstantintherealworld.RefertoNextSlide!

19ProductionPossibilitiesFrontiersIncreasingMarginalOpportunityCosts2-2Astheeconomymovesdowntheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier,itexperiencesincreasingmarginalopportunitycostsbecauseincreasingautomobileproductionbyagivenquantityrequireslargerandlargerdecreasesinaircraftcarrierproduction.Morefundsfortsunamireliefmeantlessfundsforothercharities.Trade-offsandTsunamiRelief2-120Lawofincreasing