毕业论文英文参考文献及译文.doc

毕业论文英文参考文献及译文.doc

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内蒙古工业大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译

Inventorymanagement

InventoryControl

Ontheso-called"inventorycontrol",manypeoplewillinterpretitasa"storagemanagement",whichisactuallyabigdistortion.

Thetraditionalnarrowview,mainlyforwarehouseinventorycontrolofmaterialsforinventory,dataprocessing,storage,distribution,etc.,throughtheimplementationofanti-corrosion,temperatureandhumiditycontrolmeans,tomakethecustodyofthephysicalinventorytomaintainoptimumpurposes.Thisisjustaformofinventorycontrol,orcanbedefinedasthephysicalinventorycontrol.How,then,fromabroadperspectivetounderstandinventorycontrol?

Inventorycontrolshouldberelatedtothecompany'sfinancialandoperationalobjectives,inparticularoperatingcashflowbyoptimizingtheentiredemandandsupplychainmanagementprocesses（DSCM）,areasonablesetofERPcontrolstrategy,andsupportedbyappropriateinformationprocessingtools,toolstoachievedinensuringthetimelydeliveryofthepremise,asfaraspossibletoreduceinventorylevels,reducinginventoryandobsolescence,theriskofdevaluation.Inthissense,thephysicalinventorycontroltoachievefinancialgoalsisjustameanstocontroltheentireinventoryorjustanecessarypart;fromtheperspectiveoforganizationalfunctions,physicalinventorycontrol,warehousemanagementismainlytheresponsibilityofThebroadinventorycontrolisthedemandandsupplychainmanagement,andthewholecompany'sresponsibility.

Whyuntilnowmanypeople'sunderstandingofinventorycontrol,limitedphysicalinventorycontrol?

Thefollowingtworeasonscannotbeignored:

First,ourenterprisesdonotattachimportancetoinventorycontrol.Especiallythosewhobenefitrelativelygoodbusiness,aslongasthereismoneyonthefewpeopletoconsidertheproblemofinventoryturnover.Inventorycontrolissimplyinterpretedaswarehousemanagement,unlessthetimetospendmoney,itmayhavebeentoseetheinventoryproblem,andseetheresultsareoftenverysimpleprocurementtobuymore,ordidnotdowarehousedepartments.

Second,ERPmisleading.InvoicingsoftwareissimpleaudacitytocallitERP,companiesontheirso-calledERPcanreducethenumberofinventory,inventorycontrol,seemstorelyontheirsmallsoftwarecanget.EvenasSAP,BAANERPworld,thefieldofthesebigboys,butalsotheirsimplemodulesinsidethewarehousemanagementfunctionalityisdefinedas"inventorymanagement"or"inventorycontrol."Thismakesthealreadynotquiteunderstandwhatourinventorycontrol,butnotsurewhatisinventorycontrol.

Infact,fromtheperspectiveofbroadlyunderstood,inventorycontrol,shouldincludethefollowing:

First,thefundamentalpurposeofinventorycontrol.Weknowthattheso-calledworld-classmanufacturing,twokeyassessmentindicators（KPI）is,customersatisfactionandinventoryturns,inventoryturnsandthisisactuallythefundamentalobjectiveofinventorycontrol.

Second,inventorycontrolmeans.Increaseinventoryturns,relyingsolelyontheso-calledphysicalinventorycontrolisnotenough,itshouldbethedemandandsupplychainmanagementprocessflowofthislargeoutput,andthisbigwarehousemanagementprocessesinadditiontoincludingthislink,themoreimportantThesectionalsoincludes:

forecastingandorderprocessing,productionplanningandcontrol,materialsplanningandpurchasingcontrol,inventoryplanningandforecastinginitself,aswellasfinishedproducts,rawmaterials,distributionanddeliveryofthestrategy,andevencustomsmanagementprocesses.Andwiththedemandandsupplychainmanagementprocessesthroughouttheprocess,itistheinformationflowandcapitalflowmanagement.Inotherwords,inventoryitselfisacrosstheentiredemandandsupplymanagementprocessesinallaspectsofinventorycontrolinordertoachievethefundamentalpurpose,itmustcontrolallaspectsofinventory,ratherthanjustmanagethephysicalinventoryathand.

Third,inventorycontrol,organizationalstructureandassessment.Sinceinventorycontrolisthedemandandsupplychainmanagementprocesses,output,inventorycontroltoachievethefundamentalpurposeofthisprocessmustbecompatiblewitharationalorganizationalstructure.Untilnow,wecanseethatmanycompanieshaveonlyonepurchasingdepartment,purchasingdepartmentfollowingpipewarehouse.Thisisfarshortofinventorycontrolrequirements.Fromthedemandandsupplychainmanagementprocessanalysis,weknowthatpurchasingandwarehousemanagementistheexecutivearmofthetypical,andinventorycontrolshouldfocusonprevention,theexecutivebranchisverydifficultto"preventinventory"forthesimplereasonthattheyassessmentindicatorsinlargeparttoensuresupply（production,customer）.Howtheactualsituation,areasonabledemandandsupplychainmanagementprocesses,andthussetthecorrespondingrationalorganizationalstructureandisaquestionmanyofourenterprisestoexplore

Theroleofinventorycontrol

Inventorymanagementisanimportantpartofbusinessmanagement.Intheproductionandoperationactivities,inventorymanagementmustensurethatboththeproductionplantforrawmaterials,sparepartsdemand,butalsodirectlyaffectthepurchasing,salesofshare,salesactivities.Tomakeaninventoryofcorporateliquidity,acceleratecashflow,thesecurityofsupplyunderthepremiseofminimizingYakufunds,directlyaffectstheoperationalefficiency.Ensuretheproductionandoperationneedsofthepremise,sokeepinventoriesatareasonablelevel;dynamicinventorycontrol,timely,appropriateproposedordertoavoidoverstorageoroutofstock;reduceinventoryfootprint,lowertotalcostofinventory;controlstockfundsusedtoacceleratecashflow.

Problemsarisingfromexcessiveinventory:

increasedwarehousespaceandinventorystoragecosts,therebyincreasingproductcosts;takealotofliquidity,resultinginsluggishcapital,notonlyincreasedtheburdenofpaymentofinterest,etc.,wouldaffectthetimevalueofmoneyandopportunityincome;finishedproductsandrawmaterialscausedbyphysicallossandintangiblelosses;alargenumberofenterpriseresourceidle,affectingtheirrationalallocationandoptimization;covertheproduction,operationofthewholeprocessofthevariouscontradictionsandproblems,isnotconducivetoimprovethemanagementlevel.

Inventoryistoosmalltheresultingproblems:

servicelevelscausedadeclineintheprofitimpactofmarketingandcorporatereputation;productionsystemcausedbyinadequatesupplyofrawmaterialsorothermaterials,affectingthenormalproductionprocess;toshortenleadtimes,increasethenumberoforders,soorder（production）costs;affectthebalanceofproductionandassemblyofcompletesets.

Notes

Inventorymanagementshouldparticularlyconsiderthefollowingtwoquestions:

First,accordingtosalesplans,accordingtotheplannedproductionofthegoodscirculatedinthemarket,weshouldconsiderwhere,howmuchstorage.

Second,startingfromthelevelofserviceandeconomicbenefitstodeterminehowtoensureinventoriesandsupplementaryquestions.

Thetwoproblemswiththeinventoryinthelogisticsprocessfunctions.

Ingeneral,theinventoryfunction:

（1）topreventinterrupted.Receivedorderstoshortenthedeliveryofgoodsfromthetimeinordertoensurequalityservice,atthesametimetopreventoutofstock.

（2）toensureproperinventorylevels,savinginventorycosts.

（3）toreducelogisticscosts.Supplementwiththeappropriatetimeintervalcompatiblewiththereasonabledemandofthecargoinordertoreducelogisticscosts,eliminateoravoidsalesfluctuations.

（4）ensuretheproductionplanning,smoothtoeliminateoravoidsalesfluctuations.

（5）displayfunction.

（6）reserve.Massstoragewhenthepricefalls,reducelosses,torespondtodisastersandothercontingencies.

Aboutthewarehouse（inventory）onwhatthequestion,wemustconsiderthenumberandlocation.Ifthedistributioncenter,itshouldbepossibleaccordingtocustomerneeds,setatanappropriateplace;ifitisstoredincentralplacestominimizethecomplementaryprincipletothedistributioncenters,thereisnoplacecertainrequirements.Whenthestockbaseisestablished,willhavetotakeintoaccountarestoredinvariouslocationsinwhatcommodities.

库存管理

库存控制

　　在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。

　　传统的狭义观点认为，库存控制主要是针对仓库的物料进行盘点、数据处理、保管、发放等，通过执行防腐、温湿度控制等手段，达到使保管的实物库存保持最佳状态的目的。

这只是库存控制的一种表现形式，或者可以定义为实物库存控制。

那么，如何从广义的角度去理解库存控制呢？

库存控制应该是为了达到公司的财务运营目标，特别是现金流运作，通过优化整个需求与供应链管理流程（DSCM），合理设置ERP控制策略，并辅之以相应的信息处理手段、工具，从而实现在保证及时交货的前提下，尽可能降低库存水平，减少库存积压与报废、贬值的风险。

从这个意义上讲，实物库存控制仅仅是实现公司财务目标的一种手段，或者仅仅是整个库存控制的一个必要的环节；从组织功能的角度讲，实物库存控制主要是仓储管理部门的责任，而广义的库存控制应该是整个需求与供应链管理部门，乃至整个公司的责任。

　　为什么直到现在还有很多人对库存控制的理解仅仅局限于实物库存控制呢？

以下两方面的原因是不可忽视的：

　　第一、我们的企业不重视库存控制。

特别是那些效益比较好的企业，只要有钱赚，就很少有人去考虑库存周转的问题。

库存控制被简单地理解为仓储管理，除非到了没钱花的时候，才可能有人去看库存问题，而看的结果也往往是很简单，采购买多了，或者是仓储部门的工作没有做好。

　　第二、ERP的误导。

一些简单的进销存软件被大言不惭地称之为ERP，企业上了他们的所谓ERP就可以降低多少库存，似乎库存控制就靠他们的小软件就可以搞定了。

即使像SAP、BAAN这些世界ERP领域的老大们，也在他们的功能模块里面把简单的仓储管理功能定义为“库存管理”或者“库存控制”。

这样就使得本来就不太明白什么叫库存控制的我们，更搞不清楚什么叫库存控制了。

　　其实，从广义地角度理解库存控制，应该包括以下几点：

　　第一、库存控制的根本目的。

我们知道，所谓世界级制造的两个关键考核指标（KPI）就是，客户满意度以及库存周转率，而这个库存周转率实际上就是库存控制的根本目的所在。

　　第二、库存控制的手段。

库存周转率的提高，单单靠所谓的实物库存控制是远远不够的，它应该是整个需求与供应链管理这个大流程流程的输出，而这个大流程除了包括仓储管理这个环节之外，更重要的部分还包括：

预测与订单处理，生产计划与控制，物料计划与采购控制，库存计划与预测本身，以及成品、原材料的配送与发货的策略，甚至包括海关管理流程。

而伴随着需求与供应链管理流程的整个过程，则是信息流与资金流的管理。

也就是说，库存本身是贯穿于整个需求与供应管理流程的各个环节，要想达到库存控制的根本目的，就必须控制好各个环节上的库存，而不是仅仅管理好已经到手的实物库存。

　　第三、库存控制的组织结构与考核。

既然库存控制是整个需求与供应链管理流程的输出，要实现库存控制的根本目的就必须要有一个与这个流程相适应的合理的组织结构。

直到现在，我们可以发现，很多企业只有一个采购部，采购部下面管仓库。

这是远不能适应库存控制要求的。

从需求与供应链的管理流程分析，我们知道，采购与仓储管理都是典型的执行部门，而库存的控制应该预防为主，执行部门是很难去“预防库存”的