阅读理解考研英语一真题.docx

阅读理解考研英语一真题.docx

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阅读理解考研英语一真题

阅读理解考研英语一真题

　　阅读理解考研英语一真题1

　　Text3

　　Anyfair-mindedassessmentofthedangersofthedealbetweenBritainsNationalHealthService（NHS）andDeepMindmuststartbyacknowledgingthatbothsidesmeanwell.DeepMindisoneoftheleadingartificialintelligence（AI）companiesintheworld.Thepotentialofthisworkappliedtohealthcareisverygreat,butitcouldalsoleadtofurtherconcentrationofpowerinthetechgiants.ItIsagainstthatbackgroundthattheinformationcommissioner,ElizabethDenham,hasissuedherdamningverdictagainsttheRoyalFreehospitaltrustundertheNHS,whichhandedovertoDeepMindtherecordsof1.6millionpatientsIn20XXonthebasisofavagueagreementwhichtookfartoolittleaccountofthepatientsrightsandtheirexpectationsofprivacy.

　　DeepMindhasalmostapologized.TheNHStrusthasmendeditsways.Furtherarrangements-andtheremaybemany-betweentheNHSandDeepMindwillbecarefullyscrutinisedtoensurethatallnecessarypermissionshavebeenaskedofpatientsandallunnecessarydatahasbeencleaned.Therearelessonsaboutinformedpatientconsenttolearn.Butprivacyisnottheonlyangleinthiscaseandnoteventhemostimportant.MsDenhamchosetoconcentratetheblameontheNHStrust,sinceunderexistinglawit“controlled”thedataandDeepMindmerely“processed"it.Butthisdistinctionmissesthepointthatitisprocessingandaggregation,notthemerepossessionofbits,thatgivesthedatavalue.

　　Thegreatquestioniswhoshouldbenefitfromtheanalysisofallthedatathatourlivesnowgenerate.Privacylawbuildsontheconceptofdamagetoanindividualfromidentifiableknowledgeaboutthem.Thatmissesthewaythesurveillanceeconomyworks.Thedataofanindividualtheregainsitsvalueonlywhenitiscomparedwiththedataofcountlessmillionsmore.

　　Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.ItisnotenoughtosaythatthealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.Ifsoftwarepromisestosavelivesonthescalethatdugsnowcan,bigdatamaybeexpectedtobehaveasabigpharmhasdone.Wearestillatthebeginningofthisrevolutionandsmallchoicesnowmayturnouttohavegiganticconsequenceslater.Alongstrugglewillbeneededtoavoidafutureofdigitalfeudalism.MsDenhamsreportisawelcomestart.

　　31.WhaistrueoftheagreementbetweentheNHSandDeepMind?

　　[A]Itcausedconflictsamongtechgiants.

　　[B]Itfailedtopaydueattentiontopatient’srights.

　　[C]Itfellshortofthelattersexpectations

　　[D]Itputbothsidesintoadangeroussituation.

　　32.TheNHStrustrespondedtoDenhamsverdictwith

　　[A]emptypromises.

　　[B]toughresistance.

　　[C]necessaryadjustments.

　　[D]sincereapologies.

　　33.TheauthorarguesinParagraph2that

　　[A]privacyprotectionmustbesecuredatallcosts.

　　[B]leakingpatientsdataisworsethansellingit.

　　[C]makingprofitsfrompatientsdataisillegal.

　　[D]thevalueofdatacomesfromtheprocessingofit

　　34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealis

　　[A]theviciousrivalryamongbigpharmas.

　　[B]theineffectiveenforcementofprivacylaw.

　　[C]theuncontrolleduseofnewsoftware.

　　[D]themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants.

　　35.TheauthorsattitudetowardtheapplicationofAItohealthcareis

　　[A]ambiguous.

　　[B]cautious.

　　[C]appreciative.

　　[D]contemptuous.

　　阅读理解考研英语一真题2

　　Text3

　　ThejournalScienceisaddinganextrasourceatPeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNottannouncedtoday.TheFollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatMistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtothePublishedresearchfindings.

　　"Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,"writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,theJournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingManuscriptwillbeflaggedupforadditionalscrutinybytheJournalseditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerTheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthese

　　Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid,"ThecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofSciencesoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish."

　　GiovanniParmigiani，abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto"playprimarilyonadvisoryrole."Heagreedtojoinbecausehe"foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience."

　　JohnIoannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis"amostwelcomestepforward"and"longoverdue,""Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview，andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapersnowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,"hesays.ButhenotedthatbiomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.

　　Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrorsarealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch，accordingtoDavidVaux，acellbiologist.Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein20XX，butjournalsshouldalsotakeatougherline，"engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifytheprocess."VauxsaysthatSciencesideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians"hassomemerit，butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentifythepapersthatneedscrutinyinthefirstplace."

　　31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIthat

　　[A]Scienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.

　　[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

　　[C]fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.

　　[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

　　32.Thephrase"flaggedup"（Para.2）istheclosestinmeaningto

　　[A]found.

　　[B]revised.

　　[C]marked

　　[D]stored

　　33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay

　　[A]poseathreattoallitspeers

　　[B]meetwithstrongopposition

　　[C]increaseSciencescirculation.

　　[D]setanexampleforotherjournals

　　34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

　　A.addstoresearchersworklosd.

　　B.diminishestheroleofreviewers.

　　C.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

　　D.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.

　　35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

　　A.ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers

　　B.ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

　　C.DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesks

　　D.StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

　　阅读理解考研英语一真题3

　　Text3

　　Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid”media–suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements–stillplayamajorrole，companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned”mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.

　　Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia，suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers‘responses.Butinsomecases，onemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer‘spaidmedia–forinstance，whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend，whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy，effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.JohnsonJohnson，forexample，hascreatedBabyCenter，astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome，thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective，givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies’marketing，andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.

　　Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore（andmorediverse）communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker，morevisible，andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia：

anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers，otherstakeholders，oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks，forinstance，arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.

　　Ifthathappens，passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts，puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase，thecompany‘sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful，andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.T