北京师范大学博士生入学考试英语试题.docx

北京师范大学博士生入学考试英语试题.docx

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北京师范大学博士生入学考试英语试题

 北京师范大学2007年博士生入学考试英语试题

I.ListeningComprehension（15points）

SectionA

Directions:

Therearefivestatementsinthissection.Eachstatementwillbespokenonly'once.Whenyouhearastatement,readthefourchoicesgivenandchoosetheonewhichisclosestinmeaningtothestatementyouhaveheardbymarkingthecorrespondingletterA,B,C,orDontheANSVERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

1.

A.Heisinadrugstore.

B.Heisatadepartmentstore.

C.Heisathome.

D.Heisathisdoctor'soffice.

2.

A.Imissedin3'trainbecauseyoustoppedme.

B.YoumademeforgetwhatIwassaving

C.YoulookedsodeepinthoughtthatIdidn'twanttobotheryou.

D.Youtoldmenevertointerruptyou.

3.

ASallydrovebackandforthtoworktwicetoday

B.Sallytooklongtimetodoherwork.

C.Sallytookherlunchwithhertowork.

D.Sallyusuallygetstoworkinmuchlesstime.

4.

A.Ifyouauditacourse,youdon'thavetotakethetests.

B.Youhavetotakeatestifyouwanttoaddanothercourse.

C.Ofcourseyouneedtobuysometextbooks.

D.Itisnotnecessarytoorderatextbook.

5.

A.Thespeaker'ssalaryis$250.

B.Thespeaker'ssalaryis$1000.

C.Thespeaker'ssalaryis$1100.

D.Thespeaker'ssalaryis$275.

SectionB

Directions:

Inthissection,youwillhearfiveshortconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionwillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

6.

A.Cleanupherroom

B.Getherreportback.

C.Notwaitforhimpastnoon.

D.Notworryaboutherraincoat.

7.

A.ItwasprobablyMr.Brown'sphonenumberthatthewomanwrotedown.

B.itwasjustanhouragothatthemanmetMr.Brown.

C.Thewomanforgottowritedownthephonenumber.

D.Thewomanneededasheetofpapertoputdownthenumber.

8.

A.Someonewhoisinchargeofhunting.

B.Abossofacompany.

C.Ajob-seekingadvisor.

D.Someonewhoisinchargeoflookingfortalentsforacompany.

9.

A.Thewomanisnotcarefulatallthistime.

B.Nomatterhowcarefulonecanbe,itisnotenough

C.Thewomanismostcarefulthistime.

D.Thewomanhasneverbeencareful.

10.

A.Ton:

stayedinaroomonthesecondfloorforanhour.

B.NobodybutthewomannoticedthatTomwasabsent.

C.Tomwasabsentwhenthediscussionwasheld."~

D.TomstayedinRoom302foranhour.

SectionC

Directions:

Inthissection,youwillhearaninterview.Lookatthefivestatementsforthispartonyourtestpaperanddecideifyouthinkeachstatementistrueorfalsewhileyouarelisteningtotheinterview.Ifyouthinktheansweristrue,markA,ifyouthinktheanswerisfalse,markBonthee\NS\VERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

11.XiangzhenhaslivedintheUnitedStatessinceshewastenyearsold.

12.InKorea,theAmericangesturefor"come"isused:

ocalldogs.

13.Whentalkingtoanolderpersonorsomeonewithahighersocialposition.

Koreanstraditionallylookattheperson'sfeet.

14.Betweenmalesandfemales,directeyecontactisasignofattraction,

15.AftermanyyearsintheUnitedStates.Xiangzhen'sbodylanguageisstill

completelyKorean.

"'

II.ReadingComprehension（30points）

Directions:

ReadthefollowingpassagescarefullyendthenselectthebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andDbymarkingthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

1

Sincethefirstbrainscannerwasconstructedseveralyearsago,computedtomographyorcomputedmedicalimagery,hasbecomefairlywidelyused.ItsrapidacceptanceisduetothefactthatithasovercomeseveralofthedrawbacksofconventionalX-raytechnology.

Tobeginwith,conventionaltwo-dimensionalX-raypicturescannotshowalloftheinformationcontainedinathree-dimensionalobject.Thingsatdifferentdepthsaresuperimposed,causingconfusiontotheviewer.Computedtomographycangivethree-dimensionalinformation.Thecomputerisabletoreconstructpicturesofthebody'sinteriorbymeasuringthevaryingintensitiesofX-raybeamspassingthroughsectionsofthebodyfromhundredsofdifferentangles.Suchpicturesarebasedonseriesofthin"'slices".

Inaddition,conventionalX-raygenerallydifferentiatesonlybetweenboneandair,asinthechestandlungs.Theycannotdistinguishsofttissuesorvariationsintissues.Theliverandpancreasarenotdiscernibleatall,andcertainotherorgansmaxonlyberenderedvisiblethroughtheuseofradiopaquedye.Sincecomputedtomographyismuchmoresensitive,thesofttissuesofthekidneysorthelivercanbeseenandclearlydifferentiated.ThistechniquecanalsoaccuratelymeasuredifferentdegreesofX-rayabsorption,facilitatingthestudyofthenatureof"tissue.

AthirdproblemwithconventionalX-raymethodsistheirinabilityIomeasurequantitativelytheseparatedensitiesoftheindividualsubstancesthroughwhichtheX-rayhaspassed.Onlythemeanabsorptionofallthetissuesisrecorded.Thisisnotaproblemwithcomputedtomography.Itcanaccuratelylocateatumorandsubsequentlymonitortheprogressofradiationtreatment,sothatinadditiontoitsdiagnosticcapabilities,itcanplayasignificantroleintherapy.

16.ConventionalX-raysmainlyshowthedifferencebetween

A.boneandairB.liverandpancreas

C.muscleandotherbodytissuesD.heartandlungs

17.Whatkindofviewismadepossiblebycontiguouscrosssectionsofthebody?

A.Two-dimensional.B.Three-dimensional.

C.Animated.D.Intensified.

18.Itcanbeinferredformthepassagethat.comparedtoconventionalX-ray

techniques,computedtomographyismore

A.compactB.rapid

C.economicalD.informative

19.whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthisnewtechnique?

A.Cautious.B.Tolerant.

C.Enthusiastic.D.Critical.

20.Accordingtothepassage,computedtomographycanbeusedforallofthe

followingEXCEPT

A.monitoringapatient'sdiseaseB.diagnosingdisorders

C.locatingtumorsD.reconstructingdamagedtissues

Passage2

Becauseearlymanviewedillnessasdivinepunishmentandhealingaspurification,medicineandreligionwereinextricably,linkedforcenturies.Thisnotionisapparentintheoriginofourword"pharmacy,"whichcomesfromtheGreekpharmakon,meaning"purificationthroughpurging."

By3500B.C.,theSumeriansintheTigris-Euphratesvalleyhaddevelopedvirtuallyallofourmodernmethodsofadministeringdrugs.Theyusedgarglesinhalations,pills,lotions,ointments,andplasters.Thefirstdrugcatalog,orpharmacopoeia,waswrittenatthattimebyanunknownSumerianphysician.Preservedincuneiformscriptonasingleclay'tabletarethenamesofdozensofdrugstotreatailmentsthatstillafflictustoday.

TheEgyptiansaddedtotheancientmedicinechest.TheEbersPapyrus.ascrolldatingfrom1900B.C.andnamedaftertheGermanEgyptologistGeorgeEbers.revealsthetrial-and-errorknow-howacquiredbyearlyEgyptianphysicians.Torelieveindigestion,achewofpeppermintleavesandcarbonates（knowntoday.Asantacids）wasprescribed,andtonumbthepainoftoothextraction,Egyptiandoctorstemporarilystupefiedapatientwithethylalcohol.

Thescrollalsoprovidesarareglimpseintothehierarchyofancientdrugpreparation.The"'chiefofthepreparersofdrugs"wastheequivalentofaheadpharmacist,whosupervisedthe"'collectorsofdrugs."fieldworkers,whogatheredessentialmineralsandherbs.The"'preparers"aides"（technicians）driedandpulverizedingredients,whichwereblendedaccordingtocertainformulasby'the"'preparers."

Andthe"conservatorofdrugs"oversawthestorehousewherelocalandimportedmineral,herb,andanimal-organingredientswerekept.

BytheseventhcenturyB.C..theGreekshadadoptedasophisticatedmind-bodyviewofmedicine.They-believedthataphysicianmustpursuethediagnosisandtreatmentofthephysicalcausesofdiseasewithinascientificframework,aswellascurethesupernaturalcomponentsinvolved.Thus,theearly,Greekphysicianemphasizedsomethingofaholisticapproachtohealth,evenifthesuspected"mental"causesofdiseasewerenotrecognizedasstressanddepressionbutinterpretedascursesfromdispleaseddeities.

Themoderneraofpharmacologybeganinthesixteenthcentury,usheredinby'thefirstmajordiscoveriesinchemistry.Theunderstandingofhowchemicalsinteracttoproducecertaineffectswithinthebodywouldeventuallyremovemuchoftheguessworkandmagicfrommedicine.

Drugshadbeenlaunchedonascientificcourse,butcenturies"wouldpassbeforesuperstitionwasdisplacedby'scientificfact.Onemajorreasonwasthatphysicians.unawareoftheexistenceofdisease-causingpathogens..suchasbacteriaandviruses,continuedtodreamupimaginarycausativeevils.And'thoughnewchemicalcompoundsemerged,theireffectivenessintreatingdiseasewasstillbasedlargelyontrialanderror.

Manystandard,commondrugsinthemedicinechestdevelopedinthis

trial-and-errorenvironment.Suchisthecomplexityofdiseaseandhuman

biochemistrythateventoday,despiteenormousstridesinmedicalscience,manyofthelatestsophisticateadditionstoourmedicinechestshelveswereaccidentalfinds.

21.TheauthorcitestheliteraldefinitionoftheGreekwordpharmakoninthefirstparagraphinorderto

A.showthatancientcivilizationhadanadvancedformofmedicalscience

B.pointoutthatman}'of