研究计划 Research roposal.docx

研究计划 Research roposal.docx

《研究计划 Research roposal.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《研究计划 Research roposal.docx（12页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

研究计划Researchroposal

每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是ResearchProposal的写作。

它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：

研究动机和意义何在？

可能有何成果？

为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？

不知道是否可以说，好的proposal是研究成功的一半。

但实际而功利的说，如果你的proposal很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。

?

Howtowritearesearchproposal?

能否写出漂亮的proposal，本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。

但形式也很重要。

英文的ResearchProposal自有一套“八股”。

程式化和结构化的好处就在于，可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。

对于非英语nativespeaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。

下面这篇流传甚广的ResearchProposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。

[点击这里，查看更多关于RESEARCHPROPOSAL以及GRANTPROPOSAL、PROJECTPROPOSAL写作的网上资源]?

文章作者PaulT.P.Wong,Ph.D.,C.Psych.（ResearchDirector,GraduatePrograminCounsellingPsychology.TrinityWesternUniversityLangley,BC,Canada）.题为：

HowtoWriteaResearchProposal.全文转载如下：

?

Moststudentsandbeginningresearchersdonotfullyunderstandwhataresearchproposalmeans,nordotheyunderstanditsimportance.Toputitbluntly,one’sresearchisonlyasagoodasone’sproposal.Anill-conceivedproposaldoomstheprojectevenifitsomehowgetsthroughtheThesisSupervisoryCommittee.Ahighqualityproposal,ontheotherhand,notonlypromisessuccessfortheproject,butalsoimpressesyourThesisCommitteeaboutyourpotentialasaresearcher.?

Aresearchproposalisintendedtoconvinceothersthatyouhaveaworthwhileresearchprojectandthatyouhavethecompetenceandthework-plantocompleteit.Generally,aresearchproposalshouldcontainallthekeyelementsinvolvedintheresearchprocessandincludesufficientinformationforthereaderstoevaluatetheproposedstudy.?

Regardlessofyourresearchareaandthemethodologyyouchoose,allresearchproposalsmustaddressthefollowingquestions:

Whatyouplantoaccomplish,whyyouwanttodoitandhowyouaregoingtodoit.?

Theproposalshouldhavesufficientinformationtoconvinceyourreadersthatyouhaveanimportantresearchidea,thatyouhaveagoodgraspoftherelevantliteratureandthemajorissues,andthatyourmethodologyissound.?

Thequalityofyourresearchproposaldependsnotonlyonthequalityofyourproposedproject,butalsoonthequalityofyourproposalwriting.Agoodresearchprojectmayruntheriskofrejectionsimplybecausetheproposalispoorlywritten.Therefore,itpaysifyourwritingiscoherent,clearandcompelling.?

Thispaperfocusesonproposalwritingratherthanonthedevelopmentofresearchideas.?

TITLE:

?

Itshouldbeconciseanddescriptive.Forexample,thephrase,“Aninvestigationof...”couldbeomitted.Oftentitlesarestatedintermsofafunctionalrelationship,becausesuchtitlesclearlyindicatetheindependentanddependentvariables.However,ifpossible,thinkofaninformativebutcatchytitle.Aneffectivetitlenotonlypricksthereader’sinterest,butalsopredisposeshim/herfavourablytowardstheproposal.?

ABSTRACT:

?

Itisabriefsummaryofapproximately300words.Itshouldincludetheresearchquestion,therationaleforthestudy,thehypothesis（ifany）,themethodandthemainfindings.Descriptionsofthemethodmayincludethedesign,procedures,thesampleandanyinstrumentsthatwillbeused.?

INTRODUCTION:

?

Themainpurposeoftheintroductionistoprovidethenecessarybackgroundorcontextforyourresearchproblem.Howtoframetheresearchproblemisperhapsthebiggestprobleminproposalwriting.?

Iftheresearchproblemisframedinthecontextofageneral,ramblingliteraturereview,thentheresearchquestionmayappeartrivialanduninteresting.However,ifthesamequestionisplacedinthecontextofaveryfocusedandcurrentresearcharea,itssignificancewillbecomeevident.?

Unfortunately,therearenohardandfastrulesonhowtoframeyourresearchquestionjustasthereisnoprescriptiononhowtowriteaninterestingandinformativeopeningparagraph.Alotdependsonyourcreativity,yourabilitytothinkclearlyandthedepthofyourunderstandingofproblemareas.?

However,trytoplaceyourresearchquestioninthecontextofeitheracurrent“hot”area,oranolderareathatremainsviable.Secondly,youneedtoprovideabriefbutappropriatehistoricalbackdrop.Thirdly,providethecontemporarycontextinwhichyourproposedresearchquestionoccupiesthecentralstage.Finally,identify“keyplayers”andrefertothemostrelevantandrepresentativepublications.Inshort,trytopaintyourresearchquestioninbroadbrushesandatthesametimebringoutitssignificance.?

Theintroductiontypicallybeginswithageneralstatementoftheproblemarea,withafocusonaspecificresearchproblem,tobefollowedbytherationalorjustificationfortheproposedstudy.Theintroductiongenerallycoversthefollowingelements:

?

1.Statetheresearchproblem,whichisoftenreferredtoasthepurposeofthestudy.?

2.Providethecontextandsetthestageforyourresearchquestioninsuchawayastoshowitsnecessityandimportance.?

3.Presenttherationaleofyourproposedstudyandclearlyindicatewhyitisworthdoing.?

4.Brieflydescribethemajorissuesandsub-problemstobeaddressedbyyourresearch.?

5.Identifythekeyindependentanddependentvariablesofyourexperiment.Alternatively,specifythephenomenonyouwanttostudy.?

6.Stateyourhypothesisortheory,ifany.Forexploratoryorphenomenologicalresearch,youmaynothaveanyhypotheses.（Pleasedonotconfusethehypothesiswiththestatisticalnullhypothesis.）?

7.Setthedelimitationorboundariesofyourproposedresearchinordertoprovideaclearfocus.?

8.Providedefinitionsofkeyconcepts.（Thisisoptional.）?

LITERATUREREVIEW:

?

Sometimestheliteraturereviewisincorporatedintotheintroductionsection.However,mostprofessorspreferaseparatesection,whichallowsamorethoroughreviewoftheliterature.?

Theliteraturereviewservesseveralimportantfunctions:

?

1.Ensuresthatyouarenot“reinventingthewheel”.?

2.Givescreditstothosewhohavelaidthegroundworkforyourresearch.?

3.Demonstratesyourknowledgeoftheresearchproblem.?

4.Demonstratesyourunderstandingofthetheoreticalandresearchissuesrelatedtoyourresearchquestion.?

5.Showsyourabilitytocriticallyevaluaterelevantliteratureinformation.?

6.Indicatesyourabilitytointegrateandsynthesizetheexistingliterature.?

7.Providesnewtheoreticalinsightsordevelopsanewmodelastheconceptualframeworkforyourresearch.?

8.Convincesyourreaderthatyourproposedresearchwillmakeasignificantandsubstantialcontributiontotheliterature（i.e.,resolvinganimportanttheoreticalissueorfillingamajorgapintheliterature）.?

Moststudents’literaturereviewssufferfromthefollowingproblems:

?

*Lackingorganizationandstructure?

*Lackingfocus,unityandcoherence?

*Beingrepetitiveandverbose?

*Failingtociteinfluentialpapers?

*Failingtokeepupwithrecentdevelopments?

*Failingtocriticallyevaluatecitedpapers?

*Citingirrelevantortrivialreferences?

*Dependingtoomuchonsecondarysources?

Yourscholarshipandresearchcompetencewillbequestionedifanyoftheaboveappliestoyourproposal.?

Therearedifferentwaystoorganizeyourliteraturereview.Makeuseofsubheadingstobringorderandcoherencetoyourreview.Forexample,havingestablishedtheimportanceofyourresearchareaanditscurrentstateofdevelopment,youmaydevoteseveralsubsectionsonrelatedissuesas:

theoreticalmodels,measuringinstruments,cross-culturalandgenderdifferences,etc.?

Itisalsohelpfultokeepinmindthatyouaretellingastorytoanaudience.Trytotellitinastimulatingandengagingmanner.Donotborethem,becauseitmayleadtorejectionofyourworthyproposal.（Remember:

Professorsandscientistsarehumanbeingstoo.）?

METHODS:

?

TheMethodsectionisveryimportantbecauseittellsyourResearchCommitteehowyouplantotackleyourresearchproblem.Itwillprovideyourworkplananddescribetheactivitiesnecessaryforthecompletionofyourproject.?

TheguidingprincipleforwritingtheMethodsectionisthatitshouldcontainsufficientinformationforthereadertodeterminewhethermethodologyissound.Someevenarguethatagoodproposalshouldcontainsufficientdetailsforanotherqualifiedresearchertoimplementthestudy.?

Youneedtodemonstrateyourknowledgeofalternativemethodsandmakethecasethatyourapproachisthemostappropriateandmostvalidwaytoaddressyourresearchquestion.?

Pleasenotethatyourresearchquestionmaybebestansweredbyqualitativeresearch.However,sincemostmainstreampsychologistsarestillbiasedagainstqualitativeresearch,especiallythephenomenologicalvariety,youmayneedtojustifyyourqualitativemethod.?

Furthermore,sincetherearenowell-establishedandwidelyacceptedcanonsinqualitativeanalysis,yourmethodsectionneedstobemoreelaboratethanwhatisrequiredfortraditionalquantitativeresearch.Moreimportantly,thedatacollectionprocessinqualitativeresearchhasafargreaterimpactontheresultsascomparedtoquantitativeresearch.Thatisanotherreasonforgreatercareindescribinghowyouwillcollectandanalyzeyourdata.（HowtowritetheMethodsectionforqualitativeresearchisatopicforanotherpaper.）?

Forquantitativestudies,themethodsectiontypicallyconsistsofthefollowingsections:

?

1.Design-IsitaquestionnairestudyoralaboratoryexperimentWhatkindofdesigndoyouchoose?

2.Subjectsorparticipants–WhowilltakepartinyourstudyWhatkindofsamplingproceduredoyouuse?

3.Instruments–WhatkindofmeasuringinstrumentsorquestionnairesdoyouuseWhydoyouchoosethemAretheyvalidandreliable?

4.Procedure–HowdoyouplantocarryoutyourstudyWhatacti