china low carbon economic.docx

china low carbon economic.docx

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chinalowcarboneconomic

中国将继续推进低碳实践Chinawillcontinuetopromotelow-carbonpractices

在“十二五”规划完成后将有望拥有自己的“碳排放交易系统”Inthe"five"planwillbeexpectedtocompleteitsown"carbonemissionstradingsystem"

在德班会议上，中国代表团表示，中国政府还将扎实推进低碳省区和城市试点，开展低碳产业试验园、低碳社区、低碳商业和低碳产品的试点。

InDurban,theChinesedelegationsaidthattheChinesegovernmentwillpushforwardthelowcarbonpilotprovincesandcitiestocarryouttrialsoflow-carbonindustrialpark,low-carboncommunities,low-carbonandcarbonproducts,commercialpilot.

这一方案的最大亮点在于，中国将通过建立自愿减排交易机制、加强碳排放交易支撑体系建设等措施，探索碳排放交易试点。

Chinawillestablishavoluntaryemissionstradingmechanism,strengthenthesupportsystemofcarbonemissionstradingandothermeasures,toexplorecarbonemissionstradingpilot.

在“十二五”规划完成后，中国将有望拥有自己的区域性“碳排放交易系统”（ETS）。

中国人民大学气候变化与低碳经济研究所研究员郭兆辉博士对《中国产经新闻》记者表示，碳交易市场是目前各主要国家应对气候变化，减少温室气体排放最主要的经济工具。

RenminUniversityofChinalow-carboneconomyandclimatechangeresearcherDr.GuoZhaohui"ChinaIndustryNews,"toldreportersthatthecarbontradingmarketiscurrentlythemajorcountriestoaddressclimatechange,reducinggreenhousegasemissions,themostimportanteconomictools中国碳交易市场在经历了《京都议定书》KyotoProtocol

规定下的清洁发展机制（CDM）Chinaexperiencedacarbontradingmarketinthe"KyotoProtocol"undertheprovisionsoftheCleanDevelopmentMechanism（CDM）

CleanDevelopmentMechanism

的“启蒙”以及近来企业自发进行的小规模自愿减排Small-scalevoluntaryemissionreduction

的“萌芽”后，终于获得了中央政府的支持，这是中国低碳经济发展的一个重要里程碑。

Finallywonthesupportofthecentralgovernment,whichisChina'slow-carboneconomyisanimportantmilestone

郭兆辉分析说，从目前国际经验来看，从政府发布明确要建立碳排放交易系统的政策到其正式启动一般都需要5年以上的时间。

这段时间是政府设计、企业学习碳交易市场机制的重要阶段。

目前，我们首先要做好碳交易市场的基础设施构建工作，摸清企业的碳排放量，建立减排量登记注册系统与交易平台，然后设计具体的市场制度与运行机制，这些工作需要大量的研究支持。

”郭兆辉说。

陕西师范大学全球变动与环境经济研究所研究员庆东瑞在接受《中国产经新闻》记者采访时表示，要考虑到中国目前整体上仍处于工业化快速发展阶段，高耗能企业在国家经济中仍占据相当大的比例，这就需要提高相关技术，大力提高能源效率，在能源使用过程中提高可再生能源与低碳能源比例，以技术改进传统工业体系，提高能源效率，推动经济发展过程中传统工业部门的减排工作。

ShaanxiNormalUniversity,globalchangeandenvironmentaleconomicsresearcherQingDongRuiinthe"China'sSankeiShimbun,"toldreportersthat,takingintoaccountthewholeChinaisstillinthestageofrapidindustrialization,highenergyconsumptionenterprisesinthenationaleconomyisstilloccupyalargeproportionofwhichneedtoimprovetechnologies,greatlyimproveenergyefficiency,energyuseintheprocessofincreaseinrenewableenergyandlowcarbonenergyinproportiontothetechnologytoimprovetraditionalindustrialsystem,improveenergyefficiency,promoteeconomicdevelopmentinthetraditionalindustrialsectorandemissionreduction.

“创立新型低碳产业园区，实现区内相关企业围绕经济发展、低碳技术研究应用推广等一系列配套工作的开展，一方面是我国多元化低碳化道路的尝试，也为广泛意义的低碳发展做好基础性工作。

另外，基于经济学意义上的成本收益原则，我们需要在经济发展必须要排放的前提下，尽量减少排放成本，实现经济效益。

”庆东瑞表示。

庆东瑞告诉记者：

“排放出的温室气体，我们需要一定的措施捕捉固定住大气中的碳。

这也正是碳捕捉技术与增加森林增加碳汇的原因所在。

而这一切需要中国对于自身发展过程中的所排放的温室气体信息有清晰细致的了解，哪个地区哪个产业由于何种原因排放了哪一类的温室气体，正是改善扭转该地区产业排放温室气体现状的基础性工作，构成了建立国家温室气体盘查制度的重要意义所在。

”QingDongRuitoldreporters:

"emissionsofgreenhousegases,weneedsomemeasurestosecurethecaptureofatmosphericcarbon,whichcarboncapturetechnologyisalsoincreasedwithincreasingforestcarbonsinksreason.AndallthisneedsChinaforitsowndevelopmentprocessofthegreenhousegasemissionshaveaclearanddetailedunderstandingoftheinformation,whichareastowhichtheindustryastowhatcauseswhatkindofemissionsofgreenhousegases,istoimprovetheindustrytoreversegreenhousegasemissionsintheregionthestatusofbasicwork,constitutetheestablishmentofanationalgreenhousegasinventorysystemsoimportant."

相信我国在未来5年可以在实现本国经济健康稳健发展的情况下，为全人类的福祉做出自己的贡献，”庆东瑞说道。

Ibelieveourcountryinthenextfiveyearstoachieveitseconomichealthinthehealthydevelopmentofthecase,thewell-beingofallmankindtomaketheirowncontribution,"saidRuiQingEast.

INTHEearlyhoursofDecember11th,afterthreedaysandnightsofexhausting,oftenill-tempered,finalnegotiations,theUN’stwo-week-longclimate-changesummitendedinDurbanwithanagreement.

Itsterms—assumingtheyareactedupon—areunlikelytobesufficienttopreventaglobaltemperatureriseofmorethan2°C.Theymighteasilyallowa4°Crise.Yetwithmanygovernmentsdistractedbypressingeconomicworries,thedealwasasmuchascouldhavebeenexpectedfromDurban;perhapsalittlemore.

Thecoreofitis,ineffect,aquid-pro-quoarrangementbetweentheEuropeanUnionandbigdeveloping-countrypolluters,includingChinaandIndia.Foritspart,theEUwillundertakeasecondroundofemissionsabatementundertheKyotoprotocol,afteritsmainprovisionsexpireattheendof2012.Thatwillprolongtheshelf-lifeofatreatythatimposesnoemissions-cuttingburdenonanydevelopingcountry.

Inreturn,allcountrieshaveagreedtonegotiateanewmitigationregimeby2015andmakeitoperationalby2020.Crucially,thisnewregimewillseetheburdenofemission-cuttingsharedamongallcountries,evenifrichoneswillstillbeexpectedtodomuchmorethanpoorercountries.

Thiscommitment,whichwasreacheddespitelast-ditchresistancefromChinaandIndia,anddespitelittleenthusiasmforitfromAmerica,looksliketheDurbansummit’sbiggestachievement.Itpromisestobreakadivisiveandanachronisticdistinctionbetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries,whichhasthoroughlypoisonedthewatersoftheUNprocess.Ithasalsorendereditineffective,giventhattheso-calleddevelopingcountriesgivenafreepassunderKyoto,includingSouthKoreaandSaudiArabiaaswellasChinaandIndia,arenowresponsiblefor58%ofglobalemissions.

Thatiswhythebiggestdeveloping-countrypolluters,chieflyChinaandIndia,weresoreluctanttorelinquishtheirfreedomtopollute.Withmostotherelementsofadealinplace,almost36hoursaftertheclimatesummitwasduetohaveended,theIndianswerethelastmajorobstacletoit.TheirparticularobjectionwastotheinsistenceoftheEUanditsalliesthatthesuccessortoKyotomustbelegallybindingonallcountries.“AmItowriteablankchequeandsignawaythelivelihoodsandsustainabilityof1.2billionIndians,withoutevenknowingwhat[thenewagreement]contains?

”askedtheIndianenvironmentminister,JayantiNatarajan.“Iwonderifthisisanagendatoshifttheblameontocountrieswhoarenotresponsible[forclimatechange].”

Withtheprospectofnodeallooming,theEuropeansandIndiandelegationswereurgedtogo“intoahuddle”inthemiddleoftheconferencehallandworkoutacompromise.Theydidsoand,asperaBraziliansuggestion,agreedthattheputativenewdealwouldbe“aprotocol,anotherlegalinstrumentoranagreedoutcomewithlegalforce.” 

Whatthatmaymeanisanyone’sguess.ItwassufficientfortheEU,whosebeliefinlegallyenforceableinternationalagreementsissharedbytheBrazilians,toclaimsuccess.Yetitisalsounclearhowimportantthisdistinctionreallyis.TheKyotoprotocolislegallybinding,butcontainsnoprovisionstoenforcepenaltiesagainstthosewhofailintheirmitigationendeavours.ThishasallowedCanadatoovershootitstarget,massively,withimpunity.Unlesspenaltiesforfailureareinsertedintothesuccessorprotocol,orinstrument,oroutcome—whichChinaandIndiawouldalmostcertainlynotallow—itishardtoimaginehowitwouldhavegreaterforce.

Amoreimportantissuewillbethescaleofthefutureregime’sambitiontocurbglobalwarming,asreflectedinthemitigationtargetscountriesassumeunderit.TheDurbanagreementincludesanacknowledgementthatthereisawideninggapbetweenthemitigationeffortscurrentlypromisedandthoserequiredtokeepwarmingwithinthebroadlyrecognised2°Csafetylimit.Itremainstobeseenwhetherthiswillspurcountriestotakethecostlyactionsthatclosingthisgapwouldrequire.Theinadequacyofactiononclimatechangehithertosuggestsitmaynot.

AgreementwasalsoreachedinDurbanonapackageofotherclimate-friendlyadditionalmeasures.Perhapsmostnotably,theyincludedagreementonthebroaddesignofaglobalGreenClimateFund,whichwillfunnelsomeofthe$100billionthatrichcountrieshavepromisedtomakeavailabletopooronesby2020,tohelpthemcutemissionsandadapttoclimatechange.Again,therewasnoagreement—andlittlediscussion—ontheimportantquestionofwherethemoneywillbefound.

Businessleaders,amongwhomsuchthingsmatter,appearedunimpressedbytheseomissions.“TheagreementreachedwasmoreofavictoryfortheUNprocess,thanfortheglobalclimate,orincreatinganewbusinessimperative,”saidJonathanGrant,headofsustainabilityandclimatechangeatPwC.“BusinesswillshrugitsshouldersoverDurbanandwaitfordirectionfromnationalcapitals.”

AmongthemainplayersinDurban,theEuropeansemergedwithmostcredit.EvenasEUleaderswereattemptingtonegotiatethesurvivaloftheircurrency,inBrusselsonDecember9th,theirnegotiatorsweremostprominentinDurbanandsurprisinglyforthright.AcynicmightreflectthatthissignalledhowtoothlesstheUNprocesshasbecome.YettheEuropeans’effortswereappreciatedbymanydevelopingcountries,includingpoorAfricanandsmallislandonesmostthreatenedbyglobalwarming.TheirstrongsupportfortheEU’sproposalsmadeitmuchharderfortheIndiansandChinesetodecrythemasadeveloped-worldplotagainstthepoorandhelpless.

Amongthebigdevelopingcountries,Indiamayfeelmostaggrieved.Notunreasonably,itfearsthatanymitigationactionwillimposecostsonitthatitcanillaffordtopay,inparticularbyconstrainingitsabilitytogrowitseconomyandtherebywithdrawmillionsfrompoverty.China,theworld’sbiggestpolluter,whoseaverageemissionsperheadarealreadybiggerthansomeEuropeancountries,willworryless.Ithaslongseemedresignedto