供应链管理的概述外文翻译.docx

供应链管理的概述外文翻译.docx

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供应链管理的概述外文翻译

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1.Whatissupplychainmanagement?

Supplychainmanagementisthecombinationofartandsciencethatgoesintoimprovingthewayyourcompanyfindstherawcomponentsitneedstomakeaproductorservice,manufacturesthatproductorserviceanddeliversittocustomers.Thefollowingarefivebasiccomponentsforsupplychainmanagement.

1.Plan-Thisisthestrategicportionofsupplychainmanagement.Youneedastrategyformanagingalltheresourcesthatgotowardmeetingcustomerdemandforyourproductorservice.Abigpieceofplanningisdevelopingasetofmetricstomonitorthesupplychainsothatitisefficient,costslessanddelivershighqualityandvaluetocustomers.

2.Source-Choosethesuppliersthatwilldeliverthegoodsandservicesyouneedtocreateyourproductorservice.Developasetofpricing,deliveryandpaymentprocesseswithsuppliersandcreatemetricsformonitoringandimprovingtherelationships.Andputtogetherprocessesformanagingtheinventoryofgoodsandservicesyoureceivefromsuppliers,includingreceivingshipments,verifyingthem,transferringthemtoyourmanufacturingfacilitiesandauthorizingsupplierpayments.

3.Make-Thisisthemanufacturingstep.Scheduletheactivitiesnecessaryforproduction,testing,packagingandpreparationfordelivery.Asthemostmetric-intensiveportionofthesupplychain,measurequalitylevels,productionoutputandworkerproductivity.

4.Deliver-Thisisthepartthatmanyinsidersrefertoas"logistics."Coordinatethereceiptofordersfromcustomers,developanetworkofwarehouses,pickcarrierstogetproductstocustomersandsetupaninvoicingsystemtoreceivepayments.

5.Return-Theproblempartofthesupplychain.Createanetworkforreceivingdefectiveandexcessproductsbackfromcustomersandsupportingcustomerswhohaveproblemswithdeliveredproducts.

Foramoredetailedoutlineofthesesteps,checkoutthenonprofitSupply-CChainCouncil'swebsiteatwww.supply-chain.org.

2.Whatdoessupplychainmanagementsoftwaredo?

Supplychainmanagementsoftwareispossiblythemostfracturedgroupofsoftwareapplicationsontheplanet.Eachofthefivemajorsupplychainstepspreviouslyoutlinedcomposesdozensofspecifictasks,manyofwhichhavetheirownspecificsoftware.Therearesomelargevendorsthathaveattemptedtoassemblemanyofthesedifferentchunksofsoftwaretogetherunderasingleroof,butnoonehasacompletepackage.Integratingthedifferentsoftwarepiecestogethercanbeanightmare.Perhapsthebestwaytothinkaboutsupplychainsoftwareistoseparateitintosoftwarethathelpsyouplanthesupplychainandsoftwarethathelpsyouexecutethesupplychainstepsthemselves.

Supplychainplanning（SCP）softwareusesfancymathalgorithmstohelpyouimprovetheflowandefficiencyofthesupplychainandreduceinventory.SCPisentirelydependentuponinformationforitsaccuracy.Ifyou'reamanufacturerofconsumerpackagedgoodsforexample,don'texpectyourplanningapplicationstobeveryaccurateifyoucan'tfeedthemaccurate,up-to-dateinformationaboutcustomerordersfromyourretailcustomers,salesdatafromyourretailercustomers'stores,manufacturingcapacityanddeliverycapability.Thereareplanningapplicationsavailableforallfiveofthemajorsupplychainstepspreviouslylisted.Arguablythemostvaluable（andcomplexandpronetoerror）isdemandplanning,whichdetermineshowmuchproductyouwillmaketosatisfyyourdifferentcustomers'demands.

Supplychainexecution（SCE）softwareisintendedtoautomatethedifferentstepsofthesupplychain.Thiscouldbeassimpleaselectronicallyroutingordersfromyourmanufacturingplantstoyoursuppliersforthestuffyouneedtomakeyourproducts.Foranexpandedoverviewofthistopic,readtheSupplyChainExecutiveSummary.

3.DoIneedtohaveERPsoftwarebeforeIinstallsupplychainsoftware?

Thisisaverycontroversialsubject.YoumayneedERPifyouplantoinstallSCPapplicationsbecausetheyarereliantuponthekindofinformationthatisstoredinthemostquantityinsideERPsoftware.TheoreticallyyoucouldassembletheinformationyouneedtofeedtheSCPapplicationsfromlegacysystems（formostcompaniesthismeansExcelspreadsheetsspreadoutallovertheplace）,butitcanbenightmarishtotrytogetthatinformationflowingonafast,reliablebasisfromalltheareasofthecompany.ERPisthebatteringramthatintegratesallthatinformationtogetherinasingleapplication,andSCPapplicationsbenefitfromhavingasinglemajorsourcetogotoforup-to-dateinformation.MostCIOswhohavetriedtoinstallSCPapplicationssaytheyaregladtheydidERPfirst.TheycalltheERPprojects"puttingyourinformationhouseinorder."Ofcourse,ERPisexpensiveanddifficult,soyoumaywanttoexplorewaystofeedyourSCPapplicationstheinformationtheyneedwithoutdoingERPfirst.

SCEapplicationsarelessdependentupongatheringinformationfromaroundthecompany,sotheytendtobeindependentoftheERPdecision.Butchancesare,you'llneedtohavetheSCEapplicationscommunicatewithERPinsomefashion.It'simportanttopayattentiontoSCEsoftware'sabilitytointegratewiththeInternetandwithERPorSCPapplicationsbecausetheInternetwilldrivedemandforintegratedinformation.Forexample,ifyouwanttobuildaprivatewebsiteforcommunicatingwithyourcustomersandsuppliers,youwillwanttopullinformationfromSCE,SCPandERPapplicationstogethertopresentupdatedinformationaboutorders,payments,manufacturingstatusanddelivery.

4.Whatisthegoalofinstallingsupplychainmanagementsoftware?

BeforetheInternetcamealong,theaspirationsofsupplychainsoftwaredevoteeswerelimitedtoimprovingtheirabilitytopredictdemandfromcustomersandmaketheirownsupplychainsrunmoresmoothly.Butthecheap,ubiquitousnatureoftheInternet,alongwithitssimple,universallyacceptedcommunicationstandardshavethrownthingswideopen.Now,theoreticallyanyway,youcanconnectyoursupplychainwiththesupplychainsofyoursuppliersandcustomerstogetherinasinglevastnetworkthatoptimizescostsandopportunitiesforeveryoneinvolved.ThiswasthereasonfortheB2Bexplosion;theideathateveryoneyoudobusinesswithcouldbeconnectedtogetherintoonebighappy,cooperativefamily.

Ofcourse,therealitybehindthisvisionisthatitwilltakeyearstocometofruition.ButconsideringthatB2Bhasonlybeenaroundforafewyears,someindustrieshavealreadymadegreatprogress,mostnotablyconsumer-packagedgoods（thecompaniesthatmakeproductsthatgotosupermarketsanddrugstores）,hightechnologyandautos.

Whenyouaskthepeopleonthefrontlinesintheseindustrieswhattheyhopetogainfromtheirsupplychaineffortsinthenearterm,theywillallrespondwithasingleword:

visibility.Thesupplychaininmostindustriesislikeabigcardgame.Theplayersdon'twanttoshowtheircardsbecausetheydon'ttrustanyoneelsewiththeinformation.Butiftheyshowedtheirhandstheycouldallbenefit.Supplierswouldn'thavetoguesshowmuchrawmaterialstoorder,andmanufacturerswouldn'thavetoordermorethantheyneedfromsupplierstomakesuretheyhaveenoughonhandifdemandfortheirproductsunexpectedlygoesup.Andretailerswouldhavefeweremptyshelvesiftheysharedtheinformationtheyhadaboutsalesofamanufacturer'sproductinalltheirstoreswiththemanufacturer.TheInternetmakesshowingyourhandtootherspossible,butcenturiesofdistrustandlackofcoordinationwithinindustriesmakeitdifficult.

5.Whatissupplychaincollaboration?

Let'slookatconsumerpackagedgoodsasanexampleofcollaboration.Iftherearetwocompaniesthathavemadesupplychainahouseholdword,theyareWal-MartandProcter&Gamble.Beforethesetwocompaniesstartedcollaboratingbackinthe'80s,retailerssharedverylittleinformationwithmanufacturers.ButthenthetwogiantsbuiltasoftwaresystemthathookedP&GuptoWal-Mart'sdistributioncenters.WhenP&G'sproductsrunlowatthedistributioncenters,thesystemsendsanautomaticalerttoP&Gtoshipmoreproducts.Insomecases,thesystemgoesallthewaytotheindividualWal-Martstore.ItletsP&Gmonitortheshelvesthroughreal-timesatellitelink-upsthatsendmessagestothefactorywheneveraP&Gitemswoopspastascannerattheregister.

Withthiskindofminute-to-minuteinformation,P&Gknowswhentomake,shipanddisplaymoreproductsattheWal-Martstores.NoneedtokeepproductspiledupinwarehousesawaitingWal-Mart'scall.Invoicingandpaymentshappenautomaticallytoo.ThesystemsavesP&Gsomuchintime,reducedinventoryandlowerorder-processingcoststhatitcanaffordtogiveWal-Mart"low,everydayprices"withoutputtingitselfoutofbusiness.

CiscoSystems,whichmakesequipmenttohookuptotheInternet,isalsofamousforitssupplychaincollaboration.Ciscohasanetworkofcomponentsuppliers,distributorsandcontractmanufacturersthatarelinkedthroughCisco'sextranettoformavirtual,just-in-timesupplychain.WhenacustomerordersatypicalCiscoproduct-forexample,arouterthatdirectsInternettrafficoveracompanynetwork-throughCisco'swebsite,theordertriggersaflurryofmessagestocontractmanufacturersofprintedcircuitboardassemblies.Distributors,meanwhile,arealertedtosupplythegenericcomponentsoftherouter,suchasapowersupply.Cisco'scontractmanufacturers,someofwhommakesubassembliesliketherouterchassisandotherswhoassemblethefinishedproduct,alreadyknowwhat'scomin