经济贸易 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 澳大利亚的乳制工业.docx

经济贸易 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 澳大利亚的乳制工业.docx

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经济贸易外文翻译外文文献英文文献澳大利亚的乳制工业

经济贸易外文翻译外文文献英文文献澳大利亚的乳制工业

外文出处:

Kidane,H.,H,K.,Kidane,H.,Kidane,H.,Kidane,H.,&H.,K.,etal.（2000）.Australianexportsofdairyproducts.JournalofFoodProductsMarketing,5（4）,69-90.

AustralianExportsofDairyProducts:

ChallengesandOpportunities

【Abstract】ExportsofdairyproductsarebecomingincreasinglyimportantintermsofexportearningsforAustralia.TheindustryisthefourthhighestforeignexchangeearnercomparedtoallAustralia'sfoodexports.However,Australianexportsofdairyproductsaccountforabout67percentofthetotalAustralianproductionofdairyproducts,andabout13percentoftotalworldexportsofdairyproducts.About68percentofAustraliandairyproductsexportsaresoldonAsianmarkets.ThepurposeofthispaperistoexaminethechallengingissuesandopportunitiesforAustralianexportsofdairyproductsonworldmarketsandtoidentifypotentialandemergingexportmarketsforAustraliandairyproducts.Australiaishighlyrestrictedonitsaccesstoworlddairyproductmarketsbytheimpactofexportsubsidiesandothertradebarriersofoverseasmarkets.ThecurrentcconomicandpoliticalcrisesinAsiaarealsonotfavourabletomaintainexportsalesonsomeoftheAsianmarkets.TheexportsupportschcmeinAustraliahasmadeexportingattractiverelativctodomesticsales.ButitisanticipatedthattheterminationoftheschemeafterJune2000,willreduceproductionandexportsby6and20percent,respectivelyintheshortrun.However,inthelongrun,resourceswillbeefficientlyusedwithoutgovernmentinterventionandAustraliandairyproductswillalsobccompetitivconthedomesticmarket.ThereisscopeforgreatermarketopportunitiesintheemergingmarketsinAsiaandotherpartsoftheworldforAustraliandairyproducts.Australiawillalsobcnefitfromtheagreementoninternationaltradethatdirectsexportingcountriestoreduceexportsubsidyandremovenon-tarifftradebarriersonexportsofdairyproducts.Australiashouldimplementappropriatcmeasurestoincreasethemilkyieldperww,toimprovethequalityofdairyproductsandtoidentifytheneedformarketpromotionandrescarchinordertoincreasethevolumeofdairyproductexportsonworldmarkets,especiallyinAsiaandothcrpotentialmarketssuchasMiddleEast,Africa,EuropeandtheAmericas.

【Keywords】Australia,DairyMilk

I.DAIRYPRODUCTSINDUSTRYINAUSTRALIA

DairymanufacturingisoneofAustralia'sleadingdairyindustries.Intermsofforeignexchangeearnings,theindustryranksfourth（aftermeat,wheatandsugar）comparedtoallAustralia'sfoodexports（ADIC,1996）.TherealgrossvalueofproductionwasestimatedatA$1.7

billionin1997,accountingforabout66percentofthecombinedvalueofmarketandmanufacturingmilkatthefarmgate.ThetotalrealvalueofAustralianexportsofdairyproductswasabout$A1.3billionin1996,andrepresentedabout8percentoftotalfarmexports.Likewise,Australia'sdairyexportscontributedabout2percenttototalAustralianexportsin1995-96（Doucouliagos,1997）.However,Australiahaslittleinfluenceonworldpriceasitsshareaccountedforabout13percentofworldtradein1996.

ManufacturingmilkisproducedinallstatesinAustralia,andtherearesignificantregionaldifferencesintheproductionofdairyingduetoclimaticandnaturalresourcesthatarefavorabletodairyingtobeproducedbasedonyearroundpasturegrazing（NSWA,1996-97）.In1997,nationalmilkproductionwasestimatedat9billionlitres,andNewSouthWalesissecondbehind

Victoria,accountingfor13percentand62percent,respectivelyofthenation'sannualmilkproduction（ABARE,1997）.Totalmilkproductionincreasedatanaverageofabout4.7percentbetween1988and1997.About7.1billionlitresofmilkwereusedformanufacturingpurposes,accountingforabout79percentofthetotalmilkproduction.Victoriaaccountsfor79percent,Tasmania6percent,andNSW5percentofthetotaldairyproductsproducedinthecountry（ADC,1997）.

Theproductionofdairyproductsrecordedanaverageincreaseof8.8percentbetween1988and1997.However,Australianexportsofdairyproductsasaproportionoftotalproductionincreasedonaverageby0.4percentoverthesameperiod.Thiswasduetoworldsurplusproductionofdairyproductsasaresultofdomesticindustrysupportbysomeoftheworld'slargestproducers（EUandUSA）.Subsidisedexportsofdairyproductsaccountforabout50percentofgloballytradeddairyproducts,andthislowersinternationalmarketpricesofdairyproducts（ADIC,1997）.Australianproductionofdairyproductsaccountedforabout4percentoftotalworldproduction,andabout13percentoftotalworldexportsales.Thus,pricetakercountriessuchasAustraliaareadverselyaffectedbytheexportablesurplusesofdairyproductsdirectedtoworldmarketsbymajorexportingcountries.

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TheexpansionofmilkproductioninAustraliahascomefromanincreaseinthenumberofdairycows.Thenumberofdaqcowsincreasedfrom1,714,000headin1988to2,046,000headin

1997,anaverageincreaseofabout1.9percent.Themilkyieldpercowalsorecordedanaverageincreaseofabout2percentoverthesameperiod.However,themilkyieldpercowdeclinedbyabout5percentin1997comparedto1996.Thisisattributedtodroughtandotheradverseweatherconditionsexperiencedbymanydairy-producingregions.

Australia'sdairyproductsindustryhasthepotentialtoincreasethevolumeofitsproductionandexportssincethecountryiswellendowedwithnaturalresourcesnecessarytoincreasedairyproduction.Italsohassuitableclimatethatisfavourabletodairyproductionbasedonyearroundpastureproduction.Inaddition,Australia'sdairyfarmsarefamilyownedandoperated,andhiredlabourdoesnotcontributeahigherpercentagetothecostofproduction.Thus,Australiaisconsideredasoneoftheefficient,lowcostmilkproducingcountries（ADC,1997）.ThecountryhasalsolocationaladvantagetohaveaccesstotheAsianmarkets,whicharethemajorimportersofAustraliandairyproducts.Thedomesticproductioncapacityandtheexportsofdairyproductsarepositivelyrelated.Accordingly,thevolumeofexportscouldbeincreasedthroughtheexpansionofmanufacturingmilkproductionbyincreasingthenumberofdairyherdsandmilkyieldpercow,providedAustraliamakesanefforttoundertakemarketingpromotionandresearchtocapturesizeablemarketsharesinthepotentialandemergingmarkets.AstudycarriedoutbyABAREhasprojectedthatmilkproductioninAustraliawillincreasebyabout3percentayeartothe1999-2000fiscalyear.Thishasbeenattributedmainlytotheestimatedincreaseinthenumberofdairyherds,milkyieldpercow,improvedpasture,livestockmanagementtechniquesandincreasedcapitalinvestment（ADIC,1996）.

II.MARKETINGARRANGEMENTSFORMANUFACTURINGMILKINAUSTRALIA

Tofacilitatetheproperfunctioningofafreemarketsystem,marketinformationmustbeavailablesothatbuyersandsellersareawareoftheproductionandpricingarrangements（KidaneandGunawardana,Downloadedby[TheUniversityofBritishColumbia]at00:

3510June20131997,p.37）.Thus,producersandconsumerswouldperformtheirfunctionsefficiently,andpricesandqualityofdairyproductswillbecompetitive.Toassistinmeetingthesemarketcriteria,thegovernmenthasestablishedtheAustralianDairyIndustryCouncil（ADIC）,ProductsFederationInc.（ADPF）,AustraliaDairyFarmers'FederationLtd.（ADFF）,MarketMilk

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FederationofAustraliaInc.（MMFA）,AustralianDairyCorporation（ADC）andDairyResearchDevelopmentCorporation（DRDC）.Theseorganisationsareexpectedamongotherthingstodisseminatemarketinformationandcoordinateproductionandmarketactivities.Forexample,someofthemajorobjectivesoftheADCaretoimprovethedomesticmarketfordairypioducts;toprovidetechnicalandproductadvicetoemergingmarkets;toundertakearangeofexportpromotionactivitiesinoverseasmarkets;andinternationalpromotionfocusedongrowingAsianmarketssuchasJapan,HongKong,China,Vietnam,Singapore,etc.（ADIC,1996）.Thefarmgatepricinganddomesticmilksupportschemesarediscussedbelow.

i）FarmGatePricing（

ThegovernmentdoesnothaveformalcontroloverthepricesprocessorspaytofarmersProducingmilkusedinmanufacturingproducts.Themanufacturingmilkpricesarebasedonbothmilkfatandprotein,andpaymenttofarmersbyprocessorsalsodependsonthequality,volumesandseasonalincentives.Highpricesareofferedtofarmersbyfactoriestoencouragethemtomaintainproductionduringthedryperiod.

Mostmanufacturersofferdifferentpricesastheirprofitsareaffectedbyfactorssuchasproductmix,marketingstrategiesandprocessingefficiencies（NSWA,1996-97）.Consequently,farmgatepricespaidformanufacturingmilkarelowerthanthepricespaidformarketmilk.（ii）DomesticMilkSupportScheme

PriortoJuly1,1995,themarketingofmanufactureddairyproductswerefundedbyalevyonallAustralianmilkproductionundertheMarketSupportScheme（CreanPlan）.Theschemeraiseddomesticfarmgatepricesformanufacturingmilkaboveinternationalpricesbyabout2centsalitre.However,followingtheUruguayRoundagreementonmanufactureddairyproducts,Australiaintroducedaschemeknownas'DomesticMarketSupportScheme（DMS）'onJuly1,1995.ThenewschemethatisadministeredbytheAustralianDairyCorporationimposescompulsoryleviesbothonmarketmilkandmanufacturingmilkforsalesonthedomesticmarket.In1997-98,theratesoftheselevieswereabout1.9and3.8centsperlitre,respectively（ADC,1997）.Thefundsr