地下水专业术语英文.docx

地下水专业术语英文.docx

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地下水专业术语英文

GroundwaterTerm

absorptioncoefficient

吸附系数

Ameasureoftheamountofradiantenergy,incidentnormaltoaplanarsurface,thatisabsorbedperunitdistanceorunitmassofasubstance.

accumulation（glacial）

堆积

Allprocesses,whichincludesnowfall,condensation,avalanching,snowtransportbywind,andfreezingofliquidwater,thataddsnoworicetoaglacier,floatingice,orsnowcover.Thetermalsoincludestheamountofsnoworothersolidprecipitationaddedtoaglacierorsnowfieldbytheseprocesses.

acidrain

酸雨

theacidicrainfallwhichresultswhenrainbineswithsulfuroxidesemissionsfrombustionoffossilfuels.

acidityprofile

酸度剖面

Theacidconcentrationinicecorelayersasafunctionofdepthasdeterminedfromelectricalmeasurements.ThemagnitudesofsomevolcaniceruptionsintheNorthernHemispherehavebeenestimatedfromtheacidityofannuallayersinicecorestakeninGreenland.Thismethodologyissometimesreferredtoasaciditysignaloracidityrecord.

adhesion

聚力

themolecularattractionassertedbetweenthesurfacesofbodiesincontact.parecohesion

adsorption

吸附

theadhesionofasubstancetothesurfaceofasolidorliquid.Adsorptionisoftenusedtoextractpollutantsbycausingthemtobeattachedtosuchadsorbentsasactivatedcarbonorsilicagel.Hydrophobic,orwater-repulsingadsorbents,areusedtoextractoilfromwaterwaysinoilspills.

advancetime[irrigation]

行进时间

Timerequiredforagivenstreamofirrigationwatertomovefromtheupperendofafieldtothelowerendofthefield.

advection

水平对流

Thepredominatelyhorizontallarge-scalemovementofairthatcauseschangesintemperatureorotherphysicalproperties.Inoceanography,advectionisthehorizontalorverticalflowofseawaterasacurrent.

aeration

曝气

themixingorturbulentexposureofwatertoairandoxgentodissipatevolatilecontaminantsandotherpollutantsintotheair.

aerationzone

包气带

（alsoknownastheunsaturatedzone）:

Thezoneabovethewatertableisknownastheaerationzone.

aerosol

悬浮质

Particulatematerial,otherthanwaterorice,intheatmosphereranginginsizefromapproximately10x-3tolargerthan10x2磎inradius.Aerosolsareimportantintheatmosphereasnucleiforthecondensationofwaterdropletsandicecrystals,asparticipantsinvariouschemicalcycles,andasabsorbersandscatterersofsolarradiation,therebyinfluencingtheradiationbudgetoftheearth-atmospheresystem,whichinturninfluencestheclimateonthesurfaceoftheEarth.

aggressivewater

侵蚀性水

waterwhichissoftandacidicandcancorrodeplumbing,piping,andappliances.

agriculturewateruse[water-usecategory]

农业用水

posedoflivestock,animalspecialty,andirrigationwateruse.

alkalinity

碱度

themeasurementofconstituentsinawatersupplywhichdeterminealkalineconditions.Thealkalinityofwaterisameasureofitscapacitytoneutralizeacids.SeepH.

alluvium

冲积物

Sedimentsdepositedbyflowingrivers.Dependinguponthelocationinthefloodplainoftheriver,different-sizedsedimentsaredeposited.

altithermalperiod

高温期

Aperiodofhightemperature,particularlytheonefrom8000to4000B.P.（beforethepresentera）,whichwasapparentlywarmerinsummers,asparedwiththepresent,andwiththeprecipitationzonesshiftedpoleward.Alsocalledthehypsithermalperiod.

anisotropy

各向异性

Theconditionunderwhichoneormoreofthehydraulicpropertiesofanaquifervaryaccordingtothedirectionofflow.

antecedentmoisture

前期降水量

Thesoilmoisturepresentbeforeaparticularprecipitationevent.

aquaculture

水产业

farmingoforganismsthatliveinwater,suchasfish,shellfish,andalgae.

aquaculturewateruse[water-usecategory]

水产用水

Waterusedforfarmingoforganismsthatliveinwater,suchasfish,excludingfishhatcheries（mercialwateruse）,shrimp,andothershellfish.ActivitiesincludedinSICcode0273.Subsetofanimalspecialtieswateruse.

aquatic

水生的

growingin,livingin,orfrequentingwater.

aquiclude

隔水层

Aunitoflowpermeabilitybutislocatedsothatitformsanupperorlowerboundarytoagroundwaterflowsystem,nowalsocalledconfininglayerorleakyconfininglayer.

aquifer

含水层

ageologicformationthatwillyieldwatertoawellinsufficientquantitiestomaketheproductionofwaterfromthisformationfeasibleforbeneficialuse;permeablelayersofundergroundrockorsandthatholdortransmitgroundwaterbelowthewatertable.

aquifer[hydrology]

含水层

（1）Ageologicformation,groupofformations,orpartofaformationthatcontainssufficientsaturatedpermeablematerialtoyieldsignificantquantitiesofwatertowellsandsprings（USGS）;

（2）Ageologicformation,groupofformations,orpartofaformationhavingstructuresthatpermitappreciablewatertomovethroughthemunderordinaryfieldconditions（ASCE）.

aquiferdepletion[management]

含水层疏干

Conditionofdecliningwaterlevelswithintheaquifer'sstructurebecausenaturalrechargingfromsurfacewaterandprecipitationisinadequatetomaintainnormallevel.Canbecausedbywithdrawalratesexceedingrechargerates.

aquifertest

含水层试验

Seepumpingtest

aquifer,confined

承压含水层

Anaquiferthatisoverlainbyaconfiningbed.TheConfiningbedhasasignificantlylowerhydraulicconductivitythantheaquifer.

aquifer,perched

上层滞水含水层

Aregionintheunsaturatedzonewherethesoilmaybelocallysaturatedbecauseitoverliesalow-permeabilityunit.

aquifer,semi-confined

半承压含水层

Anaquiferconfinedbyalow-permeabilitylayerthatpermitswatertoslowlyflowthroughit.Duringpumpingoftheaquifer,rechargetotheaquifercanoccuracrosstheconfininglayer.Alsoknownasaleakyartesianorleakyconfinedaquifer.

aquifer,unconfined

非承压含水层

Anaquiferinwhichtherearenoconfiningbedsbetweenthezoneofsaturationandthesurface.Therewillbeawatertableinanunconfinedaquifer.Water-tableaquiferisasynonym.

aquifuge

不透水层

Anabsolutelyimpermeableunitthatwillnottransmitanywater.

aquitard

弱透水层

Alayeroflowpermeabilitythatcanstoregroundwaterandalsotransmititslowlyfromoneaquifertoanother.Alsonamedasleakyconfinginglayer.

artesianaquifer

自流含水层

Anaquiferthatcontainswaterunderpressureasaresultofhydrostatichead.Forartesianconditionstoexist,anaquifermustbeoverlainbyaconfiningmaterialandreceiveasupplyofwater.Thefreewatersurfacestandsatahigherelevationthanthetopoftheconfininglayerthusiftheaquiferistappedbyawell,thewaterinthewellwillriseabovetheleveloftheaquifer.

artesianwell

自流井

awaterwelldrilledintoaconfinedaquiferwhereenoughhydraulicpressureexistsforthewatertoflowtothesurfacewithoutpumping.

artesianzone

自流区

azonewherewaterisconfinedinanaquiferunderpressuresothatthewaterwillriseinthewellcasingordrilledholeabovethebottomoftheconfininglayeroverlyingtheaquifer.

atmosphere（the）

大气圈

TheenvelopeofairsurroundingtheEarthandboundtoitbytheEarth'sgravitationalattraction.Studiesofthechemicalproperties,dynamicmotions,andphysicalprocessesofthissystemconstitutethefieldofmeteorology.

availablesoilmoisture

可用土壤含水量

Theportionofwaterinasoilthatcanbereadilyabsorbedbyplantroots.Itistheamountofwaterreleasedbetweeninsitufieldcapacityandthepermanentwiltingpoint.

averageannualrecharge

年平均补给量

amountofwaterenteringtheaquiferonanaverageannualbasis.AveragesmeanverylittlefortheEdwardsbecausetheclimateoftheregionandstructureoftheaquiferproduceasituationinwhichtheareaisusuallywaterrichorwaterpoor.

barrage

拦河坝

anyartificialobstructionplacedinwatertoincreasewaterlevelordivertit.Usuallytheideaistocontrolpeakflowforlaterrelease.

barrierboundary

隔水边界

Anaquifersstemboundaryrepresentedbyarockmassthatisnotasourceofwater.

basalsliding（basalslip）

基部滑动

Themovementorspeedofmovementofaglacieronitsbed.

baseflow

基流

Thatpartofstreamdischargefromgroundwaterseepingintothestream

baseflowrecession

基流衰减

Thedecliningrateofdischargeofastreamfedonlybybaseflowforanextendedperiod.Typically,abaseflowrecessionwillbeexponential.

baseflow-recessionhydrograph

基流衰减水文图

Ahydrographthatshowsabaseflow-recessioncurve.

bedrock

基岩

Ageneraltermforanyconsolidatedrock.

beneficialuse[management]

有效用水

Anyofanumberofwaterusesthatarerecognizedbyapoliticalentityasvaluabletosocietyandworthyofprotection,aredefinedbystatutes,andmayneedtobeprotectedagainstqualityorquantitydegradation.Thesewaterusesinclude,butarenotnecessarilylimitedto,domestic,municipal,agricultural,andindustrialsupply;coolinginthermoelectricpowergeneration;andinstreamusesthatincludehydroelectricpowergeneration;recreation;aestheticenjoyment;navigation;andpreservationandenhancementoffish,wildlife,andotheraquaticresourcesorpreserves.

biosolids

生物体

anutrient-richorganicmaterialresultingfromthetreatmentofwastewater.Biosolidscontainnitrogenandphosphorusalongwithothersupplementarynutrientsinsmallerdoses,suchaspotassium,sulfur,magnesium,calcium,copperandzinc.Soilthatislackinginthesesubstancescanbereclaimedwithbiosolidsuse.Theapplicationofbiosolidstolandimprovessoilpropertiesandplantproductivity,andreducesdependenceoninorganicfertilizers.

biosphere

生物圈

TheportionofEarthanditsatmospherethatcansupportlife.Thepart（reservoir）oftheglobalcarboncyclethatincludeslivingorganisms（plantsandanimals）andlife-derivedorganicmatter（litter,detritus）.Theterre