专业英语大作业优选10篇英文原文.docx

专业英语大作业优选10篇英文原文.docx

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专业英语大作业优选10篇英文原文

杜孟远

PILOTINGTHESMARTGRID

AhmadFaruqui,RyanHledikandSanemSergici

1

Thetransformativepowerofthesmartgridisenormous.ItisreceivingmuchconsiderationfrutilitiesandcommissionsacrossNorthAmerica.SeveralmembersoftheEuropeanUniChina,Japanandothernationsarealsoengagedinthesameendeavor.

Thesmartgridhasthepotentialforrevolutionizingthewayweproduceandconsumeelectricbutbecauseitcontainssomanynewelements;itscorevaluepropositionremainsuntested.

Theunansweredquestionsinclude:

Whatnewserviceswillthesmartgridprovidecustomers?

Docustomerswantthesenewservices?

Willtheyrespondbychangingtheirenergyusepatterns?

Theanswerstothesequestionswillhelppolicymakersinfederalandstategovernmentdeterminewhetherthebenefitsofthesmartgridwillcoveritscosts.

Itiswidelyunderstoodthatthenewservicesenabledbythesmartgridwillincludedifferentratedesignsthatencouragecurtailmentofpeakloadsandmakemoreefficientuseofenergy.Examplesincludedynamicpricingandincliningblockrates.

2

TheseinnovativeratedesignswillbeenhancedbyvariousautomatingtechnologiessuchasEnergyOrbs,programmablecommunicatingthermostats（PCTs）,wholebuildingenergymanagementsystems（AutoDR）,andin-homedisplays（IHDs）.

Thesmartgridwillofcoursegobeyondsmartmetersandratedesignandenablerenewableenergyresourcestobeconnectedtothegrid.Thiswillallowoptimaluseofintermittentresources,suchaswind,whichoftenreachtheirpeakgeneratingcapacityduringoff-peakhours.Newoff-peakloads,suchasplug-inhybridelectricvehicles,whichreduceoverallenergyconsumptionandimprovethecarbonfootprint,willbeenergizedbythesmartgrid.

Toaddressthelikelyimpactofthesmartgridoncustomers,utilities,andsocietyasawhole,itmaybenecessarytoconductapilot.Whenshouldapilotbeconductedandhowshoulditbeconducted?

Tobeuseful,apilotmustyieldcredibleresults.Thisrequiresthatthepilotsatisfyvariousvaliditycriteria.Theseissuesformthefocusofthispaper.Weprovideexamplesfromseveralrecentpilotsthatinvolveddynamicpricing,akeyelementofthesmartgird.Theconcludingsectiondiscusseshowahypotheticalcompany,SMARTPOWER,shouldgoaboutdesigningitsownpilot.ShouldaPilotbeConducted?

3

Policymakersshouldconsiderimplementingapilotifthereismuchuncertaintyinthecost-benefitanalysisofproceedingwithfull-scaledeployment.Apowerfulmethodforresolvinguncertaintyistoassessthevalueofinformationthatwouldbegeneratedfromapilot.Thispointisbestillustratedwithacasestudy.

Californiasufferedtheworstenergycrisisinitshistoryin2001.Mostanalystsattributedthecrisisinparttothelackofdemandresponseinthemarketdesign.Whenpricesroseinwholesalemarkets,therewasnoincentiveforretailcustomerstolowerdemand.Inthesummerof2002,theCaliforniaPublicUtilitiesCommissioninitiatedproceedingsondemandresponse,advancedmetering,anddynamicpricing.Earlyintheproceedings,itbecameclearthatthedecisiontodeployadvancedmeteringwasfraughtwithrisk.Thedeploymentwouldbecostlyandthebenefitsuncertain,astheydependedonthecustomers’priceelasticityofdemand.

龚畅

ElectricityfromtheOceans:

WillItReallyHappenAnytimeSoon?

ByDougPeeples

SGNNewsEditor

Governmentsandprivateindustryhavebeencastingawidenettofindalternativesourcesofsustainablepowertomeetacceleratingdemandandreducegreenhousegasemissions.Andelectricpowerfromoceanwaves,tidesandcurrentshasbeengettingalotmoreattention—andmoney—thaneverbefore.

Butwhatarethechancesthatmarineandhydrokinetictechnologies（let'sjustcallitoceanpowertokeepitshortandsweet）arereallygoingtotaketheirplacealongsidemorematureandrelativelywell-fundedrenewableenergysourcessuchaswindandsolartofeedtheneedformoregreenerpower?

Wecan'tanswerthatquestiontoacertainty,butwecanroundupalotofthebigissues:

What'sgoodaboutit,what'sbadandwhatneedstohappentomakeoceanpowerareality?

TheGood

∙        Oceanscoverabout70%oftheplanet,andwavesandtidesofferamorepredictable,reliablesourceofenergythanwindandsolar.Andenergystorageisn'tanissue.Theoceansarealwayson.

∙        ABritishcompanybuiltalarge-scaletidalturbinein2008that'ssincebeengettinggoodreviews,andseveralcountrieshavejumpedontotheoceanpowerbandwagon.Globally,accordingtoPikeResearch,therearemorethan300oceanpowerprojects"intheworks."ANewJerseycompanyhasbigplansforapilotbuoyprojectofftheOregoncoastandmuchbiggerplansforacommercial-scalewaveprojectthere.

∙        AJanuaryreportfromPikesaidoceanpowercouldgenerate200GWofelectricityby2025.AnewanalysisfromFrost&Sullivanpegsglobalresourcesatmorelike2,000to4,000TWhannually.TheFrost&Sullivananalysisalsoanticipatesthecommercializationofoceanpowerwithinthenext5-10yearsastechnologyimprovesandproductioncostsdrop.

∙        IntheU.S.,attitudesofthefederalgovernmentandprivateindustryaretakingapositivetack,too.TheDOEandtheInteriorDepartmentinJunesignedamemorandumofunderstandingtocollaborateoncommercial-scaledevelopmentofoffshorerenewableenergyprojects,includingwavepower.TheDOEhaspouredmillionsofdollarsintohydrokineticR&Dandhasputthetechnologicalandstrategicmuscleofitsnationallaboratoriesbehindit.

TheBad

∙        Oceanpowerisstillintheproof-of-conceptphase,andinitialdeploymentsrequireunimaginablymassiveinvestments.Willinvestorsbetontechnologieswithnosignificanttrackrecordandskyhighupfrontcosts?

∙        Whilewavepowerismorereliablethanwindandsolar,theactualpowerinwavesfluctuatesalot,asdoesthestateoftheoceansingeneral.Durabilityisabigissue.PelamisWavePower,whichoperatedahighlyregardedcommercial-scalewavefarminPortugal,shutdownitsoperationslastyearbecauseofpersistenttechnicalproblemsanddwindlingfinancing.

∙        Howwillregulationstoprotectaquaticecosystemsandfisheriesevolve?

Thepermittingandsitingprocessforland-basedrenewableenergyprojectsiscomplicatedenough.Themarineenvironmentismorecomplex,soitseemsreasonablethatpermittingandsitingforoceanprojectswillbeevenmorecomplicated.

∙        Standardizingtechnologies,connectingwavepowertotheelectricgridandtransmissionalsopresentobstacles.

ThatSaid,What'sItAllMean?

Whowouldn’twanttoseeanew,reliable,secureandgreenenergysource?

Buteventhemostoptimisticreportsandanalysescomewithheavydisclaimers,mostofthempointingatexceptionallyhighupfrontcostsandtechnologicalnightmaressimilartothosefacingthenewdeepwaterwindfarmsector.Whilethefutureofoceanpowerlooksalittlebrighter,itstilllookslikealongslogtothelightattheendofthetunnel.

WhatdoYOUthink?

Willbe generatingsignificantamountsof electricity fromoceanwavesanytimesoon...ifever?

甘凯元

RadioactiveWaterLeakingFromCrippledJapanPlant

byTheAssociatedPress

WorkerssprayresinonthegroundnearthereactorbuildingstopreventthespreadofradioactivesubstancesattheFukushimaDai-ichinuclearpowerplant.

April2,2011

HighlyradioactivewaterwasleakingintotheseaSaturdayfromacrackdiscoveredatanuclearpowerplantdestabilizedbylastmonth'searthquakeandtsunami,anewsetbackasfrustratedsurvivorsofthedisasterscomplainedthatJapan'sgovernmentwaspayingtoomuchattentiontothenuclearcrisis.

Thecontaminatedwaterwillquicklydissipateintotheseaandisnotexpectedtocauseanyhealthhazard.Nevertheless,thedisturbingdiscoverypointsattheunexpectedproblemsthatcancropupandcontinuetohampertechnicianstryingtocontrolthecrisis.

WordoftheleakcameasPrimeMinisterNaotoKantouredthetownofRikuzentakata,hisfirsttriptosurveydamageinoneofthedozensofvillages,townsandcitiesslammedbytheMarch11tsunamithatfollowedamagnitude9.0earthquake.

"ThegovernmenthasbeentoofocusedontheFukushimapowerplantratherthanthetsunamivictims.Bothdeserveattention,"said35-year-oldMegumiShimanuki,whowasvisitingherfamilyatacommunitycenterconvertedintoashelterinhard-hitNatori,about100milesfromRikuzentakata.

Thedoubledisasterisbelievedtohaveleftnearly25,000dead—11,800confirmed.Morethan165,000arestilllivinginshelters,andtensofthousandsmorestilldonothaveelectricityorrunningwater.

Althoughthegovernmenthadrushedtoproviderelief,itsattentionhasbeendividedbytheeffortstostabilizetheFukushimaDai-ichinuclearplant,whichsufferedheavydamageandhasdraggedthecountrytoitsworstnuclearcrisissincetheatomicbombingsofHiroshimaandNagasakiduringWorldWarII.

Theplant'sreactorsoverheatedtodangerouslevelsafterelectricalpumps—deprivedofelectricity—failedtocirculatewatertokeepthereactorscool.Aseriesofalmostdailyproblemshaveledtosubstantialamountofradiationleakingintheatmosphere,groundandsea.

OnSaturday,workersdiscoveredan8-inchlongcrackinamaintenancepitthatwasleakinghighlyradioactivewaterintothePacificOcean,saidJapanNuclearandIndustrialSafetyAgencyspokesmanHidehikoNishiyama.

Hesaidthewatercontaminatedwithlevelsofradioactiveiodinefarabovethelegallimitfoundinsidethepitcouldbeoneofthesourcesofrecentspikesinradioactivityins