煤矿英语.docx

煤矿英语.docx

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煤矿英语

煤矿科技英语——1.INTRODUCTION

2006年8月1日14:

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Coal,acombustibleorganicrock[1]composedprimarilyofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygen[2].Coalisburnedtoproduceenergyandisusedtomanufacturesteel.Itisalsoanimportantsourceofchemicalsusedtomakemedicine,fertilizers,pesticides[3],andotherproducts.CoalcomesfromancientplantsburiedovermillionsofyearsinEarth’scrust[4],itsoutermostlayer[5].Coal,petroleum,naturalgas,andoilshale[6]areallknownasfossilfuels[7]becausetheycomefromtheremainsofancientlifeburieddeepinthecrust.

Coalisrichinhydrocarbons[8]（compoundsmadeupoftheelementshydrogenandcarbon）.Alllifeformscontainhydrocarbons,andingeneral,materialthatcontainshydrocarbonsiscalledorganicmaterial.Coaloriginallyformedfromancientplantsthatdied,decomposed,andwereburiedunderlayersofsediment[9]duringtheCarboniferousPeriod[10],about360millionto290millionyearsago.Asmoreandmorelayersofsedimentformedoverthisdecomposedplantmaterial,theoverburden[11]exertedincreasingheatandweightontheorganicmatter.Overmillionsofyears,thesephysicalconditionscausedcoaltoformfromthecarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,sulfur,andinorganicmineral[12]compoundsintheplantmatter.Thecoalformedinlayersknownasseams.

Plantmatterchangesintocoalinstages.Ineachsuccessivestage,higherpressureandheatfromtheaccumulatingoverburdenincreasethecarboncontentoftheplantmatteranddriveoutmoreofitsmoisturecontent[13].Scientistsclassifycoalaccordingtoitsfixedcarboncontent[14],ortheamountofcarbonthecoalproduceswhenheatedundercontrolledconditions.Highergradesofcoalhaveahigherfixedcarboncontent.

NOTESTOTHETEXT

[1]organicrock：

有机岩

[2]carbon,hydrogen,andoxygen：

碳，氢和氧

[3]pesticides：

农药

[4]Earth’scrust：

地壳

[5]outermostlayer：

最外层地层

[6]oilshale：

油页岩

[7]fossilfuels：

化石燃料

[8]hydrocarbons：

碳氢化合物

[9]layersofsediment：

沉积层

[10]CarboniferousPeriod：

石炭纪

[11]overburden：

覆盖岩层

[12]inorganicmineral：

无机材料

[13]moisturecontent：

含水量

[14]fixedcarboncontent：

固定碳含量

煤矿科技英语——2.MODERNUSESOFCOA

2006年8月1日13:

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Eighty-sixpercentofthecoalusedintheUnitedStatesisburnedbyelectricpowerplants[1]toproduceelectricity.Whenburned,coalgeneratesenergyintheformofheat.Inapowerplantthatusescoalasfuel,thisheatconvertswaterintosteam,whichispressurizedtospintheshaftofaturbine.Thisspinningshaft[2]drivesageneratorthatconvertsthemechanicalenergyoftherotationintoelectricpower.

Coalisalsousedinthesteelindustry.Thesteelindustryusescoalbyfirstheatingitandconvertingitintocoke[3],ahardsubstanceconsistingofnearlypurecarbon.Thecokeiscombinedwithironore[4]andlimestone[5].Thenthemixtureisheatedtoproduceiron.Otherindustriesusedifferentcoalgasesgivenoffduringthecoke-formingprocess[6]tomakefertilizers,solvents[7],medicine,pesticides,andotherproducts.

Fuelcompaniesconvertcoalintoeasilytransportablegas[8]orliquidfuels[9].Coal-basedvaporfuels[10]areproducedthroughtheprocessofgasification[11].Gasificationmaybeaccomplishedeitheratthesiteofthecoalmine[12]orinprocessingplants[13].Inprocessingplants,thecoalisheatedinthepresenceofsteamandoxygentoproducesynthesisgas[14],amixtureofcarbonmonoxide[15],hydrogen,andmethane[16]useddirectlyasfuelorrefinedintocleaner-burninggas[17].

On-sitegasification[18]isaccomplishedbycontrolled,incompleteburningofanundergroundcoalbedwhileaddingairandsteam.Todothis,workersignitethecoalbed,pumpairandsteamundergroundintotheburningcoal,andthenpumptheresultinggasesfromtheground.Oncethegasesarewithdrawn,theymaybeburnedtoproduceheatorgenerateelectricity.Ortheymaybeusedinsyntheticgasestoproducechemicalsortohelpcreateliquidfuels.

Liquefaction[19]processesconvertcoalintoaliquidfuelthathasacompositionsimilartothatofcrudepetroleum[20]Liquefaction.Coalcanbeliquefiedeitherbydirectorindirectprocesses.However,becausecoalisahydrogen-deficienthydrocarbon[21],anyprocessusedtoconvertcoaltoliquidorotheralternativefuels[22]mustaddhydrogen.Fourgeneralmethodsareusedforliquefaction:

（1）pyrolysis[23]andhydrocarbonization[24],inwhichcoalisheatedintheabsenceofairorinastreamofhydrogen;

（2）solventextraction[25],inwhichcoalhydrocarbonsareselectivelydissolvedandhydrogenisaddedtoproducethedesiredliquids;（3）catalyticliquefaction[26],inwhichhydrogenation[27]takesplaceinthepresenceofacatalyst;and（4）indirectliquefaction,inwhichcarbonmonoxideandhydrogenarecombinedinthepresenceofacatalyst.

NOTESTOTHETEXT

[1]electricpowerplants：

发电厂

[2]spinningshaft：

旋转轴

[3]coke：

焦炭

[4]ironore：

铁矿石

[5]limestone：

石灰岩

[6]coke-formingprocess：

焦炭形成过程

[7]solvents：

溶剂

[8]easilytransportablegas：

易输送的气体

l[9]liquidfuels：

液体燃料

[10]coal-basedvaporfuels：

以媒为基础的气态燃料

[11]gasification：

气化

[12]coalmine：

煤矿

[13]processingplants：

加工厂

[14]synthesisgas：

合成煤气

[15]carbonmonoxide：

一氧化碳

[16]methane：

沼气，甲烷

[17]cleaner-burninggas：

洁净煤气

[18]on-sitegasification：

地下气化

[19]liquefaction：

液化

[20]crudepetroleum：

原油

[21]hydrogen-deficienthydrocarbon：

缺氢碳氢化合物

[22]alternativefuels：

替代燃料

[23]pyrolysis：

高温分解

[24]hydrocarbonization：

碳氢化作用

[25]solventextraction：

溶剂提取

[26]catalyticliquefaction：

催化液化作用

[27]hydrogenation：

氢化作用

煤矿科技英语——3.FORMATIONANDCOMPONENTSOFCOAL

2006年8月1日12:

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Coalisasedimentaryrock[1]formedfromplantsthatflourishedmillionsofyearsagowhentropicalswamps[2]coveredlargeareasoftheworld.Lushvegetation[3],suchasearlyclubmosses[4],horsetails[5],andenormousferns,thrivedintheseswamps.Generationsofthisvegetationdiedandsettledtotheswampbottom,andovertimetheorganicmateriallostoxygenandhydrogen,leavingthematerialwithahighpercentageofcarbon.Layersofmudandsand[6]accumulatedoverthedecomposedplantmatter,compressingandhardeningtheorganicmaterialasthesedimentsdeepened.Overmillionsofyears,deepeningsedimentlayers,knownasoverburden,exertedtremendousheatandpressureontheunderlyingplantmatter,whicheventuallybecamecoal.

Beforedecayedplantmaterial[7]formscoal,theplantmaterialformsadarkbrown,compactorganicmaterialknownaspeat[8].Althoughpeatwillburnwhendried,ithasalowcarbonandhighmoisturecontentrelativetocoal.Mostofcoal’sheatingvaluecomesfromcarbon,whereasinorganicmaterials,suchasmoistureandminerals[9],detractfromitsheatingvalue.Forthisreason,peatisalessefficientfuelsourcethancoal.Overtime,aslayersofsedimentaccumulateoverthepeat,thisorganicmaterialformslignite[10],thelowestgradeofcoal.Asthethickeninggeologicoverburdengraduallydrivesmoisturefromthecoalandincreasesitsfixedcarboncontent,coalevolvesfromligniteintosuccessivelyhigher-gradedcoals:

subbituminouscoal[11],bituminouscoal[12],andanthracite[13].Anthracite,thehighestrankofcoal,hasnearlytwicetheheatingvalueoflignite.

CoalformationbeganduringtheCarboniferousPeriod（knownasthefirstcoalage）,whichspanned360millionto290millionyearsago.CoalformationcontinuedthroughoutthePermian[14],Triassic[15],Jurassic[16],Cretaceous[17],andTertiary[18]Periods,whichspanned290millionto1.6millionyearsago.Coalsformedduringthefirstcoalageareolder,sotheyaregenerallylocateddeeperinEarth’scrust.Thegreaterheatandpressuresatthesedepthsproducehigher-gradecoalssuchasanthraciteandbituminouscoals.Conversely,coalsformedduringthesecondcoalageunderlessintenseheatandpressurearegenerallylocatedatshallowerdepths.Consequently,thesecoalstendtobelower-gradesubbituminousandlignitecoals.

Coalcontainsorganic（carbon-containing）compoundstransformedfromancientplantmaterial.Theoriginalplantmaterialwascomposedofcellulose[19],thereinforcingmaterial[20]inplantcellwalls[21];lignin[22],thesubstancethatcementsplantcellstogether;tannins[23],aclassofcompoundsinleavesandstems;andotherorganiccompounds,suchasfatsandwaxes.Inadditiontocarbon,theseorganiccompoundscontainhydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,andsulfur.Afteraplantdiesandbeginstodecayonaswampbottom,hydrogenandoxygen（andsmalleramountsofotherelements）graduallydissociatefromtheplantmatter,increasingitsrelativecarboncontent.

Coalalsocontainsinorganiccomponents,knownasash.Ashincludesmineralssuchaspyrite[24]andmarcasite[25]formedfrommetalsthataccumulatedinthelivingtissuesoftheancientplants.Quartz[26],clay,andothermineralsarealsoaddedtocoaldepositsbywindandgroundwater[27].Ash[28]lowersthefixedcarboncontentofcoal,decreasingitsheatingvalue.

NOTESTOTHETEXT

[1]sedimentaryrock：

沉积岩

[2]tropicalswamps：

热带沼泽

[3]Lushvegetation：

茂盛的植物

[4]clubmosses：

石松

[5]horsetails：

马尾（木贼属的一种植物）

[6]layersofmudandsand：

泥砂层

[7]decayedplantmaterial：

腐烂的植物材料

[8]peat：

泥炭

[9]minerals：

矿物

[10]lignite：

褐煤

[11]subbituminouscoal：

次烟煤

[12]bituminouscoal：

烟煤

[13]anthracite：

无烟煤

[14]Permian：

二叠纪

[15]Triassic：

三叠纪

[16]Jurassic：

侏罗纪

[17]Cretaceous：

白垩纪

[18]Tertiary：

第三纪

[19]cellulose：

纤维素

[20]reinforcingmaterial：

加固的材料

[21]cellwalls：

细胞壁

[22]lignin：

木质

[23]tannins：

丹宁，鞣酸

[24]pyrite：

黄铁矿

[25]marcasite：

白铁矿

[26]quartz：

石英

[27]groundwater：

地下水

[28]ash：

灰分

煤矿科技英语——4.COALDEPOSITSANDRESERVES

2006年8月1日11:

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