专升本英语语法及词汇讲义.docx
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专升本英语语法及词汇讲义
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一、非谓语动词
非谓语动词是动词的几种特别形式,它不能够单独做谓语。
非谓语动词的形式有:
动词不定式(todo)、动名词(doing)、现代分词(doing)、过去分词(done)。
(一)动词不定式
1、结构:
必然形式todo否定形式nottodo比方:
toreadthetextslowly
2、主要语法功能:
(1)做主语
Toknowwhattodoiswisdom.Toknowhowtodoisskill
Itisdifficulttoknowoneself
(2)做表语
Thefirstandbestvictoryistoconquerself.
(3)做宾语
Wehopetotalkwiththenativespeakers.
有些及物动词常用不定式做宾语:
afford/agree
/arrange/begin/care/choose/claim/continue/decide/desire/determine/fail/forget/ha
te/hesitate/hope/intend/learn/like/long/manage/mean/offer/plan/prepare/pretend
/promise/refuse/resolve/start/threaten/try/want
(4)做定语:
shewastheonlyonetolookafterthechildren
(5)做状语:
weshallbeveryhappytocooperatewithyouintheproject.
(6)做宾语补足语:
Pleaseremindmetotakemymedicinetomorrow.
有些及物动词的复合宾语中的宾语补足语中不定式不带to:
使役动词havelet
makeplease;感官动词feelhearlistentolookatnoticeobserveseewatch
(7)做主语补足语:
someonewasheardtocomeupthestairs.3、不定式的时态
(1)一般式:
表示与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或是在以后发生。
Ihavesomenewstotellyou
(2)进行式:
与谓语动词的动作是同时发生,而且正在进行着。
Hewanttobedressing
(3)完成时:
表示动作发生在谓语从前
Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting
(二)动名词
1、结构:
doingreadingthebookquickly
2、语法功能:
(1)做主语:
SayingiseasierthandoingItisnouseaskingheradvice.
(2)做表语:
thebestpolicyisbeinghonest
(3)做定语:
readingmaterial
(4)做动词宾语:
Ienjoyseeingyouandtalkingaboutoldtimes.
用作动名词做宾语的及物动词:
admitsuggestdislikeappreciatecomplete
considerdelaydenyenjoyescapefinishforgiveimaginekeepmind
misspermitpostponepracticepreventproposerequirerisksuggest
.
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can’thelpgiveupkeeponputoff.
(5)做介词宾语:
Keeponlearningaslongasyoulive.
3、动名词时态
(1)一般式与谓语动词的动作同时或在以后发生
Iamthinkingofgettinganewdictionary.
(2)完成式在谓语动词从前发生
Iregrethavingtoldherthenews.
(三)现在分词
1、结构:
doing.
2、语法功能:
(1)做定语lifeisanexcitingbusiness.
(2)做状语hearingthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforBeijing.
(3)做表语thefilmisverymovingandinstructive.
(4)做宾语补足语Isawhimenteringtheroom(比较:
Isawhimentertheroom)(四)过去分词
1、结构:
规则动词的过去式、过去分词“动词原形ed”;不规则动词没有一致的规则。
2、语法功能:
(1)做定语:
Awatchedpotneverboiled.
(2)做状语:
Wounded,thebravesoldiercontinuedtofight.
(3)做表语:
Iamconvincedofhishonesty.
(4)做宾语补足语
(五)分词的独立结构
1、结构:
逻辑主语+分词,逻辑主语能够是分词的执行者,也能够是承受者。
Weatherpermitting,weshallgothereonfoot.Thisdone,wewenthome.
(六)现在分词和过去分词的差异
语态上,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动;时间上,现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示已经完成;特色和状态上,现在分词表示特色,过去分词表示状态。
历年真题常考点:
1、If____tospeak,hehasnoproblemexpressinghimself.
A、askedB、askingCaskDtobeasked
2、Hewentontosaythatitwasasimportanttorespectothersas_____byothers.
AtoberespectedBtorespectCbeingrespectedDrespected3、Anystudent______inswimmingcanapplyformembership.
AhavingakeeninterestBwithakeeninterestingCwhoiskeenlyinterestingDhasakeeninterest
4、When______theeducationsystemsofChinaandBritain,theprofessorgavehis
owncomment.
AaskingtobecomparedBaskedhimtocompareCaskinghimtocompare
Daskedtocompare
.
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5、Noonecanavoid_____byadvertisements.
Ainfluenced
Binfluencing
Ctoinfluence
Dbeinginfluenced
6、Henry’sremarksleftme_____abouthisrealpurpose.
Awonder
BwonderedCtowonder
Dwondering
7、Thegardenrequires______
Awatering
Bbeingwatered
Ctowater
Dhavingwatering
8、Theyfoundthelecturehard______
Atounderstand
Btobeunderstand
CbeingunderstoodDunderstood
9、It’snouse______menottoworryabouthisinjury.
Aforyoutotell
Byourtelling
Cyoutell
Dhavingtold
10、______finishedhiswork,hehadtostayathomeattheweekend.
AHavingnotbeenBBeingnot
CNothaving
DHavingnot
11、_______fromspace,ourearth,withwatercovering70%ofitssurface,appears
asa”blueplanet”.
ASeen
BSeeing
CTobeseen
DHavingseen
12、Whenthelittlegirlawoke,shefoundherself______byagroupofsoldiers.
A
surround
Bbe
surrounded
C
beingsurroundedD
being
surrounding
13、Heenjoys______popmusicwhileIpreferclassicalmusic.
A
tolistento
BtolistenClistening
Dlisteningto
14、Mymobilephoneisn’tworking.It______.
A
needsbeingrepaired
Bneedsrepairing
Cneedstorepair
Dneeds
repaired
二、虚假语气
语气表示说话人对谓语动词所表示的动作或所处状态拥有的态度或看法。
陈述语气;祈使语气;虚假语气
Keepoffthegrass
Theyellowleavesarefallingintheautumnwind.
虚假语气表示说话者所说的其实不是事实,而是一种假设、推测、建议或祝愿等。
(一)虚假语气的结构:
1、在非真实条件从句的复合机中的用法
1)与现在事实相反:
if引导的条件句:
动词过去式或were
主句:
would+动词原形
2)与过去事实相反:
if引导的条件句:
had+过去分词
主句:
would+have+过去分词
3)与将来事实相反:
if引导的条件句:
should+动词原形;wereto+动词原形
主句:
would+动词原形
例句:
ifIhadtime,Iwouldcertainlygotothemovieswithyou
Ifthemanagerwerehere,hemightmakeadecision
.
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IcouldhavedoneitbetterifIhadbeenmorecareful
Ifheshouldfail,wewouldencouragehimtotryagain.
IfheweretomarryJack,shewouldbehappy.
2、介词短语表示违犯事实的假设条件,这时句中的谓语动词使用虚假语气Withoutair,therewouldbenowindorclouds.
Withbetterequipment,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.
3、在if引导的条件句中有were,had,should,could时,能够省略if,提清晨述四词。
CouldyoumeetMary,youshouldnotbeabletorecognizeher.
(二)、在名词性从句中的用法
1、主语从句
(necessaryimportantessentialorderedcommendedproposedsuggested)
ItisdesiredthatweshouldgeteverythingreadybeforeFriday.
2、宾语从句
(suggestinsistrecommendorderproposerequireadviserequest
desirecommanddemand)
Sheinsistedthattheseatsshouldbebookedinadvance.
(三)其他情况
1、ifonly
2、asifasthough引导的从句用“were””had+过去分词”Shelookedasifshewereill.
3、it’s(high/about)time(that)”过去式或should+动词原形”
4、wouldrather/’drather句型中用过去式也许过去完成时分别表示与现在和过去事实相反的梦想。
历年真题常考点:
1、Oneoftherequirementsforafireisthatthematerial______toitsburning
temperature.
Aisheated
BwillbeheatedCbeheatedD
wouldbeheated
2.
Ifhehadbeeninbetterhealth,he_____morebooks.
Acanwrite
Bcouldhavewritten
Ccouldwrite
Dhavewritten
3.
It’shightime______aboutthetrafficproblems.
Asomethingwasdone
Bsomethingisdone
Canythingwillbedone
Dnothingtobedone
4.
I’mnotsurprisedyoufailedtheexam.You______haveworkedharder.
Ashould
Bmust
Cwould
Dought
5.
Theteacherinsistedthatwe_____ourhomeworkbefore9:
00.
Afinished
Bhadfinished
Cfinish
Dwasfinishing
6.
Ipassedthetest.I_____itwithoutyourhelp.
.
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AwouldnotpassBwouldn’thavepassedCdidn’tpassDhadnotpassed
7.Itisnecessarythathe_____thetaskbytheendofnextweek
AfulfillBwillfulfillCwillhavefulfilledDfulfills
三、重申句和倒装句
重申是为了加强句子的语气,突出说话重点;英语书面语中表示重申的手段主要有词汇、语法和修辞三种。
(一)词汇手段
比方:
Heentirelyforgotthematter.
Howeverhardhetried,hecouldn’tliftthebox.
(二)语法手段
1、Itis/was+被重申的部分+that/who从句
比方:
ItisProfessorLithatsentmetheletter
Itisonlywhenoneisillthatoneknowsthevalueofhealth.
2、主语+do/does/did+动词原形+其他部分
Inthepast,somepeopledidthinkthattheearthwassquare.
3、Whatimpressedmemostwasherimage.
英语中的自然语序是“主语在前,谓语在后”,倒装语序是把谓语的一部分也许全部放在主语从前。
1、语法倒装句型
(1)表示否定或基本否定的词与词组放在句首引起倒装
(never/seldom/scarcely/hardly/rarely/little/not/nowhere/hardlywhen/nosooner
than/innocase/innoway/onnoaccount/atnotime/notonlybutalso)
比方:
Nosoonerhadtheygottotheplantthantheystartedtowork.
(2)”only+状语”放在句首引起的倒装
比方:
Onlybyworkinghardcanonesucceed.OnlyoncehaveIseenhim.
Onlyaftertheaccidentdidhebecomecareful.
(3)屡次倒装
(sonorneithernomore)Theycanleavenow,socanwe.
Hedidn’tseethefilmlastnight,neitherdidhe.
(4)as引导的退步状语从句中的倒装
比方Strongastheenemyis,wearenotafraid.
(5)if引导的非真实条件句中省略if引起的倒装
历年真题考点:
1、Seldom_____insucharudeway.
AwehavebeentreatedBhavewebeentreat
CwehavetreatedDhavewetreated
.
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2、Itwasnotuntil
shehadarrivedhome_____sheremenberedherappointment
withthedoctor.
A
when
B
that
Cand
Dwhere
3、Itwasatthemusichall______wemeteachotherforthefirsttime.
A
when
Bwhere
Cwhich
Dthat
4、__________,everythingwouldhavebeenallright.
AHehadbeenhere
BBeenherehehad
CHerehehadbeen
DHadhebeenhere
5、__________,waterresourceshavebeenseverelywastedorpolluted.
A
Theyarescarce
BScarcetheyare
CScarceastheyare
DAsScarcetheyare
6、_________tomorrow,hewouldbeabletoseetheopeningceremony.
AWouldhecome
BIfhecomesCWashecomingDWerehetocome
7、________thatthetradebetweenthetwocountriesreacheditshighestpoint.
ADuringthe1960”BItwasinthe1960’s
CThatitwasinthe1960’sDItwasthe1960’s
8、________,hecouldn’tearnenoughtosupportthefamily.
AHardasheworkedBAsheworkedhard
CAshardheworkedDHardasdidhework
四、状语从句
在复合句中,起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句,修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词。
种类包括:
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、退步状语从句。
历年考点总结:
1、比较级观察(比较状语从句)
比方:
1、Thehigheryoustand,___________.
AthefartheryoucanseeByoucanseefarther
CthemorefartheryoucanseeDthefarthercanyousee
2、Thenewcampusis_______astheoldone.
AtwiceasbigBastwicebigCtwicebigDbigastwice
3、Privatecarshavemadethetrafficproblem_________.
AtheworsethanbeforeBworsethaneverbefore
CmorebadasbeforeDmorebadthanitwas
4、Betweenyouandme,thatboyofMary’swas__________.
AasfatasstrongBfatterthanstronger
CmorefatthanstrongDnotsofatasstrong
2、词汇积累
1、_________borninChicago,thewriterismostfamousforhisstoriesabout
NewYorkCity.
AAlthoughBSinceCWhenDAs
.
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