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全国硕士研究生入学考试英语
2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语
（一）试
题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumbered
blankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.（10points）
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodily
exerciseprecioustohealth.”But
__1___someclaimstothe
contrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness
Laughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartand
itsbloodvessels,___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecause
hardlaughterisdifficultto__4__,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave
__5___benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.
__6__,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,
laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__,studiesdatingbacktothe
1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8___muscles,decreasingmuscletonefor
upto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.
Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsof
psychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduce
othertypesof___10___feedback,thatimproveanindividual’semotional
state.__11____oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsare
partiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheend
ofthe19centurythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbutthey
th
becomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.
Althoughsadnessalso____14___tears,evidencesuggeststhat
emotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublished
in1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwürzburg
inGermanyaskedvolunteersto__16___apeneitherwiththeir
teeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlips,which
wouldproducea（n）__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheir
enthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswere
contractedinafrown,____19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotions
ratherthanjusttheotherwayaround__20__,thephysicalactoflaughter
couldimprovemood.
1．[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like
2．[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce
3．[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining
4．[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe
5．[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable
6．[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief
7．[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected
8．[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes
9．[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance
10．[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal
11．[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor
12．[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at
13．[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because
14．[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses
15．[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond
16．[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold
17．[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent
18．[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted
19．[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing
20．[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtext
bychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.
（40points）
Text1
ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasits
nextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldever
sincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemost
part,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!
At
last!
”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.
Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,
isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohad
advocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“an
unpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabout
him.”Asadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathat
hashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,
thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaint
praise.
Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductoror
evenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyof
interestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAvery
FisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.All
IhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownload
stillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.
Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstitutefor
liveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoney
oftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenot
onlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,
butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusicians
ofthe20century.Thererecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,and
th
veryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;
moreover,theycanbe“consumed”atatimeandplaceofthelistener’s
choosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbrought
aboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.
Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogram
attractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sown
interestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:
AlexRoss,aclassical-music
critic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthe
Philharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.”
Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?
Merelyexpandingthe
orchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthe
Philharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationship
betweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopsto
attract.
21.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert’sappointmenthas
[A]incurredcriticism.
[B]raisedsuspicion.
[C]receivedacclaim.
[D]arousedcuriosity.
22.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwhois
[A]influential.
[B]modest.
[C]respectable.
[D]talented.
23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers
[A]ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.
[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.
[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.
[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.
24.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueof
recordings?
[A]Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.
[B]Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.
[C]Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.
[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.
25.RegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingthePhilharmonic,the
authorfeels
[A]doubtful.
[B]enthusiastic.
[C]confident.
[D]puzzled.
Text2
WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust,
hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghis
exitintheusualvagueexcuses,hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving
“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.”Broadcastinghisambitionwas
“verymuchmydecision,”McGeesays.Withintwoweeks,hewastalking
forthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup,
whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.
McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflect
onwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessage
totheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisn’talone.In
recentweekstheNo.2executivesatAvonandAmericanExpressquitwith
theexplanationthattheywerelookingforaCEOpost.Asboardsscrutinize
successionplansinresponsetoshareholderpressure,executiveswho
don’tgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulentbusiness
environmentalsohasseniormanagerscautiousoflettingvague
pronouncementscloudtheirreputations.
Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold,deputychiefsmay
bemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter,CEO
turnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththe
leaderstheyhad,accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup,
opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.
Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneis
unconventional.Foryearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtothe
rulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbe
poached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey:
”Ican’tthinkof
asinglesearchI’vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolook
atsittingCEOsfirst.”
Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven’talwayslandedintoppositions
quickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage,sayingshe
wantedtobeaCEO.Itwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatiny
Internet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin
2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajor
financialinstitutionthreeyearslater.
Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortopperformers.
Thefinancialcrisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsor
toleaveabadone.“Thetraditionalrulewasit’ssafertostaywhere
youare,butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted,”saysoneheadhunter.
“Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoo
long.”
26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture,hismannercanbestbe
describedasbeing
[A]arrogant.
[B]frank.
[C]self-centered.
[D]impulsive.
27.AccordingtoParagraph2,seniorexecutives’quittingmaybe
spurredby
[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.
[B]theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.
[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.
[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.
28.Theword“poached”（Line3,Paragraph4）mostprobablymeans
[A]approvedof.
[B]attendedto.
[C]huntedfor.
[D]guardedagainst.
29.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat
[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.
[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.
[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.
[D]it’ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.
30.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?
[A]CEOs:
WheretoGo?
[B]CEOs:
AlltheWayUp?
[C]TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet
[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformers
Text3
Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyou
paidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid”media–suchas
televisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements–stillplayamajorrole,
companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumers
passionateaboutaproductmaycreate“owned”mediabysendinge-mail
alertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.
Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyond
conventionalpaidmedia.
Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirown
products.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorfor
users’responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmediabecome
anothermarketer’spaidmedia–forinstance,whenane-commerce
retailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasowned
mediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheir
contentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,which
webelieveisstillinitsinfanc
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