解决嵌入式OPENGL能在高度嵌入和安全的环境中外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx

解决嵌入式OPENGL能在高度嵌入和安全的环境中外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译.docx

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解决嵌入式OPENGL能在高度嵌入和安全的环境中外文文献翻译中英文翻译外文翻译

1、外文原文：

SOLVINGTHEEMBEDDEDOPENGLPUZZLE–MAKINGSTANDARDS,TOOLS,ANDAPISWORKTOGETHERINHIGHLYEMBEDDEDANDSAFETYCRITICALENVIRONMENTS

Abstract：

EmbeddedgraphicalHumanMachineInterfaces（HMIs）areincreasinglymakinguseoftheOpenGLrenderingAPIasastandardfordefiningandrenderingscreengraphics.Thistrendissupportedbytheemergenceofhardwareacceleratedgraphicssubsystemsandcommerciallyavailabledriversoftware.Meanwhile,embeddedgraphicstoolandsoftwarevendorshaveadoptedOpenGLinvariousformsastherenderingAPItheysupport.Forhighlyembeddedandsafetycriticalenvironments,however,fullOpenGLisnotanarrowenoughstandard.Inordertoachievelow-cost/lowpowerhardwareimplementationsandreducedrivercomplexitytoachievesafety-criticalcertification,OpenGLsubsetsmustbeembraced.

Inrecentyears,themobilegraphicsindustryhasbenefitedfromtheeffortsofindustryconsortiumstodefinecapableOpenGLsubsets.Thesesubsets,orprofiles,existinvariousversionsintendedtofacilitatethedevelopmentofapplicationsforwidelydifferingembeddedmarkets,fromcellphonegraphicstosafetycriticalhigh-poweredembeddedgraphicssubsystems.Itisclearthatsuchwell-definedstandardscanandwillhaveabeneficialimpactontheembeddedandsafety-criticalgraphicsindustries,offeringunprecedentedportabilityandsimplicityforHMIapplications.Whatisnotasclearistheleveltowhichgraphicstoolandsoftwarevendorsaresupportingthenewstandards.Thestakesarehighfortheenddeveloper,asrelianceonAPIcapabilitiesthatareeitherunsupportedordifficulttocertifycanpresentserioussystemintegrationandcertificationpitfalls.Thispaperpresentsrecommendationsinsuchareasastoolselection,standardstolevyonvendorsanddevelopers,approachesforachievinguserinterfacesandfontrenderingusingtheOpenGLstandards,andrecommendationstoensurethesuccessfulengineeringandwidedeploymentofHMIsoftware.

Background  

Graphical Processing Units （GPUs）  

Over the past 10 years, display rendering technology for platform embedded systems 

has undergone fundamental changes. These changes have been driven primarily by two twin technological thrusts – flat-panel display hardware and advanced raster-based EGS systems using OpenGL. Flat panels have enabled an increase in display resolution while still supporting embedded size and weight constraints. Raster based EGS, particularly based on commodity OpenGL hardware, has provided the horsepower 

to drive the increased resolution.  

The rendering engine, or graphics chip, is the part of the mobile computing device that processes graphics and creates or renders the display. On the desktop, hardware rendering engines dominate, resulting in two separate high performance processors being present in most systems – one for general computing, and one for processing and displaying graphics. The development of the GPU, has been largely driven by the desire for better video gaming capability, but also by the desire for better workstation and desktop graphical processing.  

GPU technology has found a niche in embedded systems, providing advanced display capabilities that were difficult or even impossible to achieve in legacy graphical display systems. These embedded GPUs are embedded variants of desktop or laptop graphics cards, featuring GPUs, onboard texture memory, and hardware accelerated lighting, transformation, and rasterization. Offerings featuring hardware from major desktop graphics companies are being widely used in military applications. An embedded GPU is shown in Figure 1. 

MostGPUtechnologydeployedinembeddedsystemstodayhasitsrootsindesktoporlaptopbasedgraphicsaccelerators.PowerconsumptionfortheGPUalonecanrangefrom5to15W.Thesedesignscanprovidepowerequivalenttoadesktoporlaptopwithinanembeddedenvironment,providedthesupportingdriversoftwareisavailable.OpenGLisbyfarthemostcommonlyusedstandardtosupplythesedrivers.OpenGLasanEmbeddedStandardTheadventoftheGPUhasbeenaccompaniedbywidespreaduseofnewstandardsdesignedtofacilitatedevelopmentofgraphicalapplicationsthattakeadvantageofthehardware.OnesuchlowlevelApplicationsProgrammingInterface（API）isOpenGL.OpenGLprovidesasoftwareinterfacethatsupports2Dand3Ddefinitionofgeometryandrenderingfunctions.SomeofthemajorfunctionsOpenGLsupportsinclude:

Matrix-basedgeometrytransformations

Viewportandclippingregions

Texturedgeometry

Graphicspipelinestatemanagement

Geometrycaching

ThesefunctionsaresupportedthroughalogicalpipelinethattheGPUimplements.Thepipelineexpectsgeometryspecificationintheformoftriangles,points,andlines,alongwithtransformation,clipping,color,andtextureinformationusedtoconvertthe into the