创意思维理论技巧和评估.docx

创意思维理论技巧和评估.docx

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创意思维理论技巧和评估

Creative

Thinking:

Theory,

Techniques,

and

Assessment

CreativeThinking

（AcommonQuote:

"I'mNotCreative!

!

!

"）

a.CreativityDefinition:

Young（1985）:

Creativity"istheskillofbringingaboutsomethingnewandvaluable…Creativepeopledomorethanbreakawayfromoldpatterns.Theydomorethanfindalternatives.Theydivergefromfamiliarpatterns,butthentheyconvergeonnewsolutions.Theybreaklawstoremakethem.Theymakeharddecisionsaboutwhattoincludeandwhattoeliminate.Creativepeopleinnovate.Theyaimtowardnewness.Thiscanbeconsideredinseveralsenses:

"

b.10+CreativeThinkingIdeas:

1.BrainstormingMoreideas/wilderthebetter,noeval,combotoimprove

（Howtostudybetter?

Howtoraisetestscores?

Whatarebetteachingtechniques）

2.ReverseBrainstorming

（Howtostudyworse?

Howtolowertestscores?

Whatareworstteachingtechniques）

3.CreativeWritingandStoryTelling

（Objectobituaries,Tellatalltale,cartoons,jokes/quips,storystarters,wraparounds,forcedresponses,newsletters,objecttalking,etc.,Golub,1994）

4.Idea-SpurringQuestions,Checklists,orCards（e.g.,Osborn'sSCAMPERmethod）:

Howdowe:

substitute,combine,adapt,modify/max-minputtootheruses,elim,rev/rearrange

5.Sixhats（weardifferentcolorhatsfordifferenttypesofthinking）

6.FreeWriting/WetInking

（writewithoutliftingpenfor3-5minuteson,e.g.,Bestteachereverhad）

7.Checkerboarding,AttributeListing,MorphologicalSynthesis

（Analyzeorcombine2keyvariables/componentsingrid/matrix;e.g.,CT&CR）

8.Analogies,MetaphoricalThinking,Synectics,orForcedAssociations

（Thisschoolislikea____;Angoodpresenterislikea____?

IUhoopsislike____?

）

9.SemanticWebbing/Chaining/Linking/MappingofIdeas,FreeAssociationActivities

（Whatisagreenhouseeffect?

Whatisagoodcurric?

Whatiseffectiveteaching?

）

10.SimulationsandRolePlays

（Computersims,actoutplaysorliterature,simulatedgamesorperformance）

11.Othertechniques

•TheSecondBestAnswer,Whatelse,>1RightAnswer（Whatelseapplies）

•Elaboration/Explanation（Anotherreasonis）

•Diaries,PersonalJournals（Wheninthefield,Iwanttojotdown…）

•JustSuppose/WhatIfExercises（Whatifwehadcooperativeexams?

）

•CreativeDramatics/Improvisation（imaginehearing,seeing,feeling）

25CreativeThinkingTechniques:

VisualThinkingActivities:

1.PerceptualExercisesandVisualDemonstrations

FigureGround,HiddenFigures,Playfulperception

2.Imagery,GuidedVisualization,Fantasizing,Daydreaming

Findingmuse,insights,overcomingemotionalblocks,mentalimage

3.MetaphoricThinking,Similes,andForcedAssociations

Lifelikea____?

Schoollikea_____?

4.SynecticsandAnalogicalThinking

Figural,Direct,Personal,Fantasy,CompressedConflict/Oxymorons

5.BreakingSetandFindingNewPatterns

Breakoutoffunctionalfixity,Makefamiliarstrange

IdeaListingActivities:

6.AttributeListing（problemorproductisdividedintokeyattributesaddressedseparately）

（alsoreferredtoasCheckerboardingandJotCharting）

Modifyinglistmainattributesofaproblemobjectandthinkofwaystoimprove.

Transferringborrowingattributesorideasfromanotherplace;analogicalthinking.

7.MorphologicalSynthesis（combinetwoattributesintheformofagrid）

8.TheSecondBestAnswer,>1RightAnswer,Whatelse,Elaboration/Explication

9.IdeaSpurringChecklistsandCards;e.g.,Osborn'sSCAMPERmethod:

substitute,combine,adapt,modify/maxmin,puttootheruses,elim,rev/rearrange

10.JustSuppose/WhatIf?

/RearrangeFacts/ReorganizeInformation

WritingActivities:

11.SemanticWebbing/Chaining/Mapping

12.FreeWriting/WetInk

13.ReflectionWriting:

Diaries,PersonalJournals

14.CreativeWriting

Newsletters,Cartoons,Quips,Riddles,Jokes,Humor,Stories,Books,TwistedFairy

Tales,ObjectTalking,TellingLies,ThirdEye,ObjectObituaries,TellingTallTales

15.SentenceStems/StoryStarters/Openers/Warmup（e.g.,Anotherreasonis,Incontrastto）

GroupInteractionActivities:

16.Simulations/RolePlays/Sociodramas/MockTrials/Show&Tell

17.CreativeDramatics/Improvisation/Pantomime

Movement,imagine,hear,touch,smell,tastes...

Holduproof,biggestthing,stretching,mirrors,toetips,peoplemachines,puppets

18.FishBowl

19.SixHats（anexampleofLateralThinking）

20.NominalGroupProcess,Brainstorming,ReverseBrainstorming

Moreideas/wilderthebetter,hitchhikingencouraged,noeval,combotoimprove

ProcessProductOrientedActivities:

21.ProblemFindingandDefining

22.FutureProblemSolving,OdysseyoftheMind,andScienceOlympiad

Multistepprobs,unknowns,decisions,teams,communicate,selfdirected,ambiguity

23.CreativitybyDesign/ProblemBasedLearning/MakeaCreativeProduct/Inventing

Usedesignq's,possib/ideasb/4commitments/details,exploremodels,thinkonpaper

Goodresults,easytouse,safe,durable,attractive,comfortable,reasonablecost

24.CreativeProblemSolving,GuidedDesign,AUTA,IncubationModel,

25.ModelBuilding

Young（1985）Creativity（p..78）"istheskillofbringingaboutsomethingnewandvaluable."

p.82"Creativepeopledomorethanbreakawayfromoldpatterns.Theydomorethanfindalternatives.Theydivergefromfamiliarpatterns,butthentheyconvergeonnewsolutions.Theybreaklawstoremakethem.Theymakeharddecisionsaboutwhattoincludeandwhattoeliminate.Creativepeopleinnovate.Theyaimtowardnewness.Thiscanbeconsideredinseveralsenses:

"

SixGeneralPrinciplesofCreativity（Perkins,1984）

1.Involvesaesthetic（i.e.,original,powerful,fundamental）asmuchaspracticalthinking.

2.Dependsonattentiontopurpose（i.e.,structure,standards,goals）asmuchastoresults.

3.Dependsonmobility（i.e.,flexibility,divergency,revision）morethanfluency.

4.Dependsonworkingattheedge（i.e.,challenge）morethanatthecenterofcompetence.

5.Dependsasmuchonbeingsubjectiveasonbeingobjective.

6.Dependsonintrinsic,morethanextrinsic,motivation.

（Schoolsshunaesthetics,purpose,mobility/divergency,challenge,multipleviewpoints,internalmotivation）

OverviewofPerkinsSmartSchools（1992）（Chapters16）

1.Inertunconnectedknowledgeisinferiortoclassroomemphasizinghigherorderthinking.

2.Needeffortrelateddefinitionofintelligencenotsingleentity.

3.Culturalandclassroomexpectationsimpactoneffort.

4.Therearemultipletheoriesoflearningandmultiplewaystoteach;pickagoodone（s）.

5.Therearemanywaystoteachforunderstandingandtoteststudentunderstanding.

6.Metaawarenessofourunderstandingisofprimaryimportanceinthemetacurriculum.

7.Therearea#ofoverlappingtrendsineducation:

wholelanguage,conceptmapping,etc.

8.Dispositionsofgoodthkg（eg.,broad,adventurous,curious,plan,strategic,evel）areimpt.

9.Transferisnotautomatic;needagoodshepardorbridging/scaffoldinglearning.

10.Goodclassroomlearningresultsfromrealizingthedistributednatureofintelligence.

RogervonOechfromAWhackIntheSideoftheHead（1983）:

SoftThinking:

metaphor,dream,play,child,hunch,ambiguous,fantasy,approximate,humor.

HardThinking:

logic,reason,work,adult,analysis,consistency,reality,exact,precision.

WhackintheHeadTips:

1.Challengetherulesandplaytherevolutionary.

2.#1hasitsdangers.

3.Periodicallyinspectyourideastoseeifthehelpyourthinking.

4.Avoidfallinginlovewithideas.

5.Holdruleinspectingandrulediscardingsessionsinyourorganization.

6.Takeadvantageofambiguityandthinkofhowelseyoumightusesomething.

7.Cultivateyourpersonalresourcessoastolookformorethan1meaning.

8.Writeanambiguousjobdescriptionforyourself.

9.Ifyoumakeanerror,useitasasteppingstonetoanewidea.

10.Strengthenyourriskmuscleatleastonceevery24hours.

p.65"TIP:

Formoreeffectivethinking,rotateyourideasevery10,000thoughts.Creativityinvolvesnotonlygeneratingnewideas,butescapingfromobsoleteonesaswell."

Davis（1992）PrinciplesofCreativity:

1.Creativityisnotjustforartists,inventors,scientists.

2.Creativityisawayofthinkingandliving.

3.Creativepeopleare"creativelyconscious."

4.Creativepeopleseethingsfromdifferentviewpoints.

5.Creativepeopledonotgrabthefirstideathatcomesalong.

6.Creativepeoplearewillingtotakesomerisksandfail.

7.Creativepeopleareawareofconformitypressureandarenotafraidtobedifferent.

8.Creativepeopleplaywithideasandactlikeachildandthinkup"wild"possibilities.

9.Creativityisnotmysterious;itisthemodificationofanoldideaornewcomboofold.

10.Creativepeopleusespecialtechniquesandtalentstofindnewideacombinations.

I.Rateyourselfon1-10scale（do#21ifyouskippedone）:

SCALE:

12345678910

___1.censorsfeels

___2.evaluatestakesrisks

___3.reassures&supportstakesrisks

___4.analyzesmakesconnections

___5.isrealisticplays

___6.looksatconsequencesspeculates

___7.islogicaliscurious

___8.alerttodangerseesthefuninthings

___9.avoidssurpriseslikessurprises

___10.avoidswrongnessopentoanything

___11.punisheswrongnessintouchwithtotalexperience

___12.isseriousdoesnotmindbeingconfused

___13.ispessimisticisoptimistic

___14.isjudgmentalfocusonwhatisgoingfortheidea

___15.arguewastenoenergyevaluatingearly

___16.inattention/distantlistenandinterested

___17.benoncommittalwhollyopentobeingavailable

___18.correctandprecisesetupwin/winsnobodyloses

___19.dominant/commandsdealwithasanequaleliminaterank

___20.pointoutflawsseethe