国际海洋法英文部分解读.docx

国际海洋法英文部分解读.docx

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国际海洋法英文部分解读

国际海洋法

第一节概述

一、国际海洋法的概念

ThelawoftheseaisthatlawbywhichStatesregulatetheirrelationsinrespectofthemarineterritorysubjecttocoastalStatejurisdictionandthoseareasoftheseaandseabedbeyondanynationaljurisdiction.

三、国际海洋法的编纂

CodificationofInternationalLawoftheSea

relevantconventionsare:

a）ConventionontheTerritorialseaandtheContiguousZone1959[TSC],（enteredintoforceonSept.10,1964）;领海与毗连区公约

b）ConventionontheContinentalShelf1958[CSC],（Jun.10,1964）;大陆架公约

c）ConventiononFishingandtheConservationoftheLivingResourcesoftheHighSeas1958[FC]，（Mar.20,1966）；捕鱼和养护公海生物资源公约

d）ConventionontheHighSeas1958[HSC]，（Sept.30,1962）；公海公约and

e）UnitedNationsConventiononthelawofthesea（LawoftheSeaConvention）1982[LOSC]，（Nov.16,1994）。

联合国海洋法公约

四、领海基线baselinesoftheterritorialsea

Thestartingpointforestablishingthemaritimezones.

Thebaselinesofastateservedualfunctions：

Theydemarcatethestate’sinternalwatersfromexternalwaters.Theyalsoprovidethelinesfromwhichtheouterlimitsofmaritimezoneswillbemeasured.Thus,allwatersofastatethatarelandwardofitsbaselinesareinternalwatersandareanintegralpartoftheterritoryofthecoastalState,andaretreatedvirtuallyasiftheywerepartofthestate’slandterritory.Watersseawardofastate’sbaselinesaresubjecttothelawofthesea.

AccordingtoLawoftheSeaConvention,therearetwotypesofbaselines:

1.正常基线normalbaseline/naturalbaseline

LOSCArticle5“thenormalbaselineformeasuringthebreadthoftheterritorialseaisthelow-waterlinealongthecoastasmarkedonlarge-scalechartsofficiallyrecognizedbythecoastalState.”测算领海宽度的正常基线是沿海国官方承认的大比例尺海图所标明的沿岸低潮线。

”

2.直线基线Straightbaselines

LOSCArticle7

（1）“Inlocalitieswherethecoastlineisdeeplyindentedandcutinto,orifthereisafringeofislandsalongthecoastinitsimmediatevicinity,themethodofstraightbaselinesjoiningappropriatepointsmaybeemployedindrawingthebaselinefromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasured.”在海岸线极为曲折的地方,或者如果紧接海岸有一系列岛屿,测算领海宽度的基线的划定可采用连接各适当点的直线基线法。

”

第二节主要海域

一、内海internalsea

LOSCArticle8

（1）watersonthelandwardsideofthebaselineoftheterritorialseaformpartoftheinternalwatersoftheState.”领海基线向陆一面的水域构成国家内水的一部分

legalstatus:

1.coastalStatehascompleteandexclusivesovereigntysubjecttotherightofforeignvesselsindistresstoseeksafetyininternalwaters

2.Wheretheestablishmentofastraightbaselinehastheeffectofenclosingasinternalwatersareaswhichhadnotpreviouslybeenconsideredassuch,arightofinnocentpassageasprovidedinthisConventionshallexistinthosewaters.

二、领海theterritorialsea

1.领海的概念Conceptofterritorialsea

LOSCArticle2

（1）“ThesovereigntyofacoastalStateextends,beyonditslandterritoryandinternalwatersand,inthecaseofanarchipelagicState,itsarchipelagicwaters,toanadjacentbeltofsea,describedastheterritorialsea.”沿海国的主权及于其陆地领土及其内水以外邻接的一带海域，在群岛国的情形下则及于群岛水域以外邻接的一带海域，称为领海。

2.Breadthoftheterritorialsea领海的宽度

LOSCArticle3“EveryStatehastherighttoestablishthebreadthofitsterritorialseauptoalimitnotexceeding12nauticalmiles,measuredfrombaselinesdeterminedinaccordancewiththisConvention.”每一国家有权确定其领海的宽度，直至从按照本公约确定的基线量起不超过十二海里的界限为止。

（1）Interiorlimitoftheterritorialsea

---isbaselinesoftheterritorialsea,whichistheboundarybetweeninternalwatersandterritorialsea.领海的内部界线----是领海基线，是内水和领海的分界线。

（2）Outerlimitoftheterritorialsea

LOSCArticle4

Theouterlimitoftheterritorialseaisthelineeverypointofwhichisatadistancefromthenearestpointofthebaselineequaltothebreadthoftheterritorialsea.领海的外部界限----是一条其每一点同基线最近点的距离等于领海宽度的线。

3.领海的法律地位legalstatus

LOSCArticle2

（1）ThesovereigntyofacoastalStateextends,beyonditslandterritoryandinternalwatersand,inthecaseofanarchipelagicState,itsarchipelagicwaters,toanadjacentbeltofsea,describedastheterritorialsea.

（1）沿海国的主权及于其陆地领土及其内水以外邻接的一带海域,在群岛国的情形下则及于群岛水域以外邻接的一带海域,称为领海。

（2）ThissovereigntyextendstotheairspaceovertheterritorialseaaswellastoItsbedandsubsoil.

（2）此项主权及于领海的上空及其海床和底土。

（3）ThesovereigntyovertheterritorialseaisexercisedsubjecttothisConventionandtootherrulesofinternationallaw.（3）对于领海的主权的行使受本公约和其他国际法规则的限制。

Thenatureofthecoastalstate’srightsintheterritorialseaisstate’ssovereignty.沿海国在领海上的权利的性质为国家主权。

4.无害通过权therightofinnocentpassage

Therightsofthevesselsofotherstate’stopassthroughtheterritorialsea；

（1）Meaningofpassage通过的意义

LOSCArticle18

A.navigationforthepurposeof:

a.traversingthatseawithoutenteringinternalwatersorcallingataroadsteadorportfacilityoutsideinternalwaters;or

b.proceedingtoorfrominternalwatersoracallatsuchroadsteadorportfacility.

B.Passageshallbecontinuousandexpeditious.

A.通过是指为了下列目的,通过领海的航行:

　a.穿过领海但不进入内水或停靠内水以外的泊船处或港口设施;或

　b.驶往或驶出内水或停靠这种泊船处或港口设施。

　B.通过应继续不停和迅速进行。

（2）Meaningofinnocentpassage无害通过的意义

LOSCArticle19

A.Passageisinnocentsolongasitisnotprejudicialtothepeace,goodorderorsecurityofthecoastalState.A.通过只要不损害沿海国的和平、良好秩序或安全,就是无害的。

B.Passageofaforeignshipshallbeconsideredtobeprejudicialtothepeace,goodorderorsecurityofthecoastalStateifintheterritorialseaitengagesinanyofthefollowingactivities:

B.如果外国船舶在领海内进行下列任何一种活动，其通过即应视为损害沿海国的和平、良好秩序或安全:

a.anythreatoruseofforceagainstthesovereignty,territorialintegrityorpoliticalindependenceofthecoastalState；a.对沿海国的主权、领土完整或政治独立进行任何武力威胁或使用武力；

b.anyexerciseorpracticewithweaponsofanykind;b.以任何种类的武器进行任何操练或演习；

c.spying;c.间谍活动

d.anyactofpropagandaaimedataffectingthedefenceorsecurityofthecoastalState;d.任何目的在于影响沿海国防务或安全的宣传行为;

e.thelaunchingortakingonboardaircraft;e.在船上起落或接载任何飞机;

f.thelaunching,landingortakingonboardofanymilitarydevice;f.在船上发射、降落或接载任何军事装置;

g.theloadingorunloadingpersonsorgoodscontrarytothecustoms,fiscal,immigrationorsanitarylawsandregulationsofthecoastalState;g.违反沿海国海关、财政、移民或卫生的法律和规章，上下任何商品、货币或人员;

h.willfulandseriouspollutionh.；故意和严重的污染行为;

i.fishing;i.捕鱼活动

j.researchorsurveyactivities;j.进行研究或测量活动;

k.anyactaimedatinterferingwithanysystemsofcommunicationoranyotherfacilitiesorinstallationsofthecoastalState;k.任何目的在于干扰沿海国任何通讯系统或任何其他设施或设备的行为;

l.anyotheractivitynothavingadirectbearingonpassage.l.与通过没有直接关系的任何其他活动。

5.judicialjurisdiction司法管辖权

（1）criminaljurisdiction刑事管辖权

LOSCArticle27

A..ThecriminaljurisdictionofthecoastalStateshouldnotbeexercisedonboardaforeignshippassingthroughtheterritorialseatoarrestanypersonortoconductanyinvestigationinconnectionwithanycrimecommittedonboardtheshipduringitspassage,saveonlyinthefollowingcases:

沿海国不应在通过领海的外国船舶上行使刑事管辖权,以逮捕与在该船舶通过期间船上所犯任何罪行有关的任何人或进行与该罪行有关的任何调查,但下列情形除外:

a.iftheconsequencesofthecrimeextendtothecoastalState;a.罪行的后果及于沿海国;

b.ifthecrimeisofakindtodisturbthepeaceofthecountryorthegoodorderoftheterritorialsea;b.罪行属于扰乱当地安宁或领海的良好秩序的性质;

c.iftheassistanceofthelocalauthoritieshasbeenrequestedbythemasteroftheshiporbyadiplomaticagentorconsularofficeroftheflagState;orc.经船长或船旗国外交代表或领事官员请求地方当局予以协助;或

d.ifsuchmeasuresarenecessaryforthesuppressionofillicittrafficinnarcoticdrugsorpsychotropicsubstances.d.这些措施是取缔违法贩运麻醉药品或精神调理物质所必要的。

B.Inothercases,thecoastalStateshall,ifthemastersorequests,notifyadiplomaticagentorconsularofficeroftheflagStatebeforetakinganysteps,andshallfacilitatecontactbetweensuchagentorofficerandtheship'screw.Incasesofemergencythisnotificationmaybecommunicatedwhilethemeasuresarebeingtaken.B.如经船长请求,沿海国在采取任何步骤前应通知船旗国的外交代表或领事官员,并应便利外交代表或领事官员和船上乘务人员之间的接触。

遇有紧急情况,发出此项通知可与采取措施同时进行。

（2）civiljurisdiction民事管辖权

LOSCArticle28

ThecoastalStateshouldnotstopordivertaforeignshippassingthroughtheterritorialseaforthepurposeofexercisingciviljurisdictioninrelationtoapersononboardtheship.

ThecoastalStatemaynotlevyexecutionagainstorarresttheshipforthepurposeofanycivilproceedings,saveonlyinrespectofobligationsorliabilitiesassumedorincurredbytheshipitselfinthecourseorforthepurposeofitsvoyagethroughthewatersofthecoastalState.

沿海国不应为对通过领海的外国船舶上某人行使民事管辖权的目的而停止其航行或改变其航向。

　沿海国不得为任何民事诉讼的目的而对船舶从事执行或加以逮捕,但涉及该船舶本身在通过沿海国水域的航行中或为该航行的目的而承担的义务或因而负担的责任,则不在此限。

三、毗连区Contiguouszone

1.Concept

“Inazonecontiguoustoitsterritorialsea”.

Thecontiguouszonemayextendbeyond24nauticalmilesfromthebaselinesfromwhichthebreadthoftheterritorialseaismeasured.

2.Legalstatus

Contiguouszonehasnounattachedlegalstatus.

LOSCArticle33“thecoastalStatemayexercisethecontrolnecessaryto:

a.preventinfringementofitscustoms,fiscal,immigrationorsanitarylawsandregulationswithinitsterritoryorterritorialsea;

b.punishinfringementoftheabovelawsandregulationscommittedwithinitsterritoryorterritorialsea.”

沿海国可在毗连其领海称为毗连区的区域内,行使为下列事项所必要的管制:

　（a）防止在其领土或领海内违犯其海关、财政、移民或卫生的法律和规章;

　（b）惩治在其领土或领海内违犯上述法律和规章的行为。

四、群岛水域archipelagicwaters

1.archipelagicState

“archipelagicState”meansaStateconstitutedwhollybyoneormorearchipelagosandmayincludeotherislands.

2.Legalstatusofarchipelagicwaters

“archipelagicwaters”---thewatersenclo