英语专业八级TEM8语言学复习辅导.docx

英语专业八级TEM8语言学复习辅导.docx

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英语专业八级TEM8语言学复习辅导

2011TEM8语言学复习——2011年1月14日

英语专业八级考试样题《高校英语专业八级考试大纲（2004年新版）》

38.Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunicationis_______

A.morphologyB.generallinguistics

C.phonologyD.semantics

39.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?

ALandladyBGreenhouseCUpliftDUnacceptable

40Theword“holiday”originallymeant“holyday”;butnowthewordsignifiesanydayonwhichwedon’thavetowork.Thisisanexampleof

AmeaningshiftBwideningofmeaning

CnarrowingofmeaningDlossofmeaning

2005

38.Syntaxisthestudyof

A.languagefunctions.B.sentencestructures.

C.textualorganization.D.wordformation.

39.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadistinctivefeatureofhumanlanguage?

A.Arbitrariness.B.Productivity.C.Culturaltransmission.D.Finiteness.

40.Thespeechacttheorywasfirstputforwardby

A.JohnSearle.B.JohnAustin.

C.NoamChomsky.D.M.A.K.Halliday.

2006

38.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsisthenotionof

A.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context

39.Thewords"kid,child,offspring"areexamplesof

A.dialectalsynonymsB.stylisticsynonyms

C.emotivesynonymsD.collocationalsynonyms

40.Thedistinctionbetweenparoleandlanguewasmadeby

A.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Saussure

2007

38._______referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesofwordformation.

A.PhonologyB.Morphology

C.SemanticsD.Sociolinguistics

39.ThedistinctivefeaturesofaspeechvarietymaybeallthefollowingEXCEPT

A.lexicalB.syntactic

C.phonologicalD.psycholinguistic

40.Thewordtailoncereferredto“thetailofahorse”,butnowitisusedtomean“thetailofanyanimal.”Thisisanexampleof

A.wideningofmeaningB.narrowingofmeaning

C.meaningshiftD.lossofmeaning

2008

38.WhichofthefollowingisNOTadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

　A.Arbitrariness.B.Displacement.

　C.Duality.D.Diachronicity.

39.Whattypeofsentenceis“Marklikesfiction,butTimisinterestedinpoetry.”?

　A.Asimplesentence.B.Acoordinatesentence.

　C.Acomplexsentence.D.Noneoftheabove.

40.Thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameformiscalled

　A.hyponymy.B.synonymy.

　C.polysemy.D.homonymy.

2009

38Thestudyofthementalprocessesoflanguagecomprehensionandproductionis

AcorpuslinguisticsBsociolinguuisticsCtheoreticallinguisticsDpsycholinguistics

39Aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixeslanguagesandisusedbyspeakersofdifferentlanguagesforpurposesoftradingiscalled

AdialectBidiolectCpidginDregister

40Whenaspeakerexpresseshisintentionofspeaking,suchasaskingsomeonetoopenthewindow,heisperforming

AanillocutionaryactBaperlocutionaryact

CalocutionaryactDnoneoftheabove

2010

38._______referstothelearninganddevelopmentofalanguage.

A.LanguageacquisitionB.Languagecomprehension

C.LanguageproductionD.Languageinstruction

39.Theword"Motel"comesfrom"motor+hotel".Thisisanexampleof_______inmorphology.

A.backformationB.conversion

C.blendingD.acronym

40.Languageisatoolofcommunication.Thesymbol"HighwayClosed"onahighwayserves_______.

A.anexpressivefunctionB.aninformativefunction

C.aperformativefunctionD.apersuasivefunction

能初步具备英语语言学知识根据最新考试中国纲的要求，英语专业八级考试从2005年开始增加了人文考试的题型，比例也将按3（语言学）：

3（文学）：

4（史、地、文化知识等）执行，题目广度很大。

语言学主要考六大章，1.语言与语言学；2.语音学与音系学；3.构词法；4.句法；5.语义学；6.语用学

PartOneIntroduction

1.WhatisLanguage

1.1DefinitionofLanguage:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

1.2Designfeaturesoflanguage:

arbitrariness任意性,duality二重性,productivity能产性,displacement移位性,culturaltransmission文化传播，等

1.3Functionsoflanguage：

Phaticfunction,directivefunction,informativefunction,interrogativefunction,expressivefunction,evocativefunction,performativefunction

1.4Originoflanguage

2.WhatisLinguistics（语言学）

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.

3.TheScopeofLinguistics

Generallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.

Phonetics（语音学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.（Itstudieshowspeechsoundsarearticulated,transmittedandreceived.）

Phonology（音韵学\音位学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.（Itstudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllable.）

Morphology（词法、形态学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.（Itisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning:

morphemesandword-formationprocesses.）

Syntax（句法学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.

Semantics（语义学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.

Pragmatics（语用学）isthestudyofmeaningincontext.

以上研究的是语言本身，是狭义语言学的范畴。

Appliedlinguistics（应用语言学）isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.

Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety:

howsocialfactorsinfluencethestructureanduseoflanguage.

Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind:

thementalstructuresandprocesseswhichareinvolvedintheacquisition,comprehensionandproductionoflanguage.

HistoricalLinguistics（历史语言学）isthestudyoflanguagechanges.

Anthropologicallinguistics（人类语言学）usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.

Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.

Mathematicallinguistics（数学语言学）studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.

Computationallinguistics（计算语言学）isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconcepts（概念）areapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.

4.SomeBasicDistinctions（区分）inLinguistics

4.1SpeechandWriting

Onegeneralprinciple（原则）oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope（范畴）andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.

4.2Descriptive（描述性）orPrescriptive（规定性）

Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior. Prescriptive着重于语言中“标准Standards”认为语言中存在着一种地位最高的语言形态，如标准语法/语音等，为规定人们如何说话、写作；Descriptive着重于语言中“事实Facts”，目的是描述人们一般是怎样说话、写作的

4.3Synchronic（共时）andDiachronic（历时）Studies

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandthedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.共时研究Synchronic和历时研究Diachronic.Synchronic：

以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象，如现代汉语研究、莎士比亚时代语言研究等；Diachronic：

研究语言各个阶段的发展变化，研究语言的历史发展规律

4.4Langue（语言）andParole（言语）

ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure（索绪尔）earlylastcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized（实际的）language,orrealizationoflangue.语言Langue和言语Parole（由FerdinanddeSaussure索绪尔提出）

Langue：

指语言系统的整体thewholelinguisticsystem，所有语言使用个体头脑中存储的词语-形象word-image的总和，这个整体相对比较稳定；Parole：

指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语actualuseoflanguage

4.5Competence（语言能力）andPerformance（语言运用）

ThisdistinctionwasputforwardbyN.Chomsky.Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances.语言能力competence与语言运用performance（由NoamChomsky乔姆斯基提出）Competence：

指理想语言使用者关于语言规则的知识储备；Performance：

指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用

4.6Syntagmatic横组合andparadigmaticrelations纵聚合关系

PutforwardbySaussure.Theformerreferstothehorizontalrelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelements,whichformlinearsequences.Thelattermeanstheverticalrelationshipbetweenforms,whichmightoccupythesameparticularplaceinastructure.

4.7Functionalism功能主义andformalism形式主义

PartTwoPhonetics（语音学）

1.Scopeofphonetics

Speechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthreebranchesofphonetics:

Articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）：

wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinateintheprocess.

Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）：

wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediatedbytheear,theauditorynerveandthebrain.

Acousticphonetics（声学语音学）：

westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmittedbetweenmouthandear.

2.Thevocalorgans

Thevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream（气流发生器官），theproducerofvoice（声音发生器官）andtheresonatingcavities（声音共振器官）

3.Consonants（辅音）

Placesofarticulation（发音部位）：

bilabial（双唇）Labiodentals（唇齿）dental（齿）alveolar（齿龈）post-alveolar（后齿龈）palatal（上颚）velar（软腭）glottal（声门）

Mannersofarticulation（发音方式）：

stop/plosive（爆破），nasal（鼻音），retroflex（卷舌），liquid（流音），lateral（边音），fricative（摩擦），affricate（破擦），glide（滑音）

4.Vowels（元音）

Theclassificationofvowels:

theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）,thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）,andthedegreeofliprounding（rounded,unrounded）

PartThreePhonology（音韵学、音位学）

1.phoneme（音位）：

Itisthesmallestunitofasoundinalanguage,whichcandistinguishtwowords.//adistinctive（有区别的）soundinalanguage.

2.Allophone（音位变体）：

Itreferstoanyofthedifferentformsofaphoneme.//Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.

3.Minimalpairs（最小对立体）：

Itreferstotwowordsinalanguage