基于语料库对美国总统奥巴马竞选演讲的话语分析.docx

基于语料库对美国总统奥巴马竞选演讲的话语分析.docx

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基于语料库对美国总统奥巴马竞选演讲的话语分析

湖南科技大学

毕业设计（论文）

题目

基于语料库对美国总统奥巴马竞选演讲的话语分析

作者

刘婷婷

学院

外语系

专业

教育英语

学号

0662010429

指导教师

王利君

二0一0年月日

ACorpus-basedStudyonDiscourseAnalysisofElectionSpeechesbyPresidentObama

AThesis

Submittedto

DepartmentofForeignLanguages

XiaoxiangCollege

HunanUniversityofScienceandTechnology

InPartialFulfillmentof

TheRequirementsfor

TheDegreeofBachelorofArts

By

LiuTingting

UndertheSupervisionof

AssociateProf.WangLijun

June,2010

湖南科技大学潇湘学院

毕业设计（论文）任务书

外国语系英语一教研室

（教研室）主任:

（签名）年月日

学生姓名:

刘婷婷学号:

0662010429专业:

教育英语

1设计（论文）题目及专题：

基于语料库对美国总统奥巴马竞选演讲的话语分析

2学生设计（论文）时间：

自2009年12月15日开始至2010年6月20日止

3设计（论文）所用资源和参考资料：

1）Biber,D.,Conrad,S.&R.Randi.2000.CorpusLinguistics.[M].Beijing:

ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.

2）Kennedy,G.2000.AnIntroductiontoCorpusLinguistics[M].Beijing:

ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress

3）Sun,Shan.2008.DiscourseAnalysistoSpeechesbyAmericanPresident.[D].MAthesis,ShandongNormalUniversity.

4）杨惠中，2002，语料库语言学导论[M]。

上海：

上海外语教育出版社。

5）何常丽，2009，语料库语言学综述研究[J]。

渤海大学学报（3）：

149-151。

4设计（论文）应完成的主要内容：

随着研究的深入，语料库语言学的蓬勃发展，基于语料库的研究方法称为一种全新的研究方法。

因此，该论文将选择美国总统奥巴马演讲作为研究语料，运用语料库语言学理论对此文本进行分析，旨在发现公共演讲的语言特征，并期望人们在公共演讲中获得更多的支持。

5提交设计（论文）形式（设计说明与图纸或论文等）及要求：

1）要求学生认真、独立完成毕业论文的写作

2）要求按照学校规定的论文格式撰写论文

3）要求及时同指导老师进行沟通，按步骤完成论文的写作和答辩工作。

6发题时间：

2009年12月27日

指导教师：

（签名）

学生：

（签名）

Acknowledgments

TherearesomanypeoplewhomIwishtoextendmygratitudetoduringmycompositionofthethesisandthepastfouryearsofstudyintheuniversity.Withouttheirhelp,Icouldn’tfinishmythesiscompletely.

IwouldfirstexpressmyappreciationtoAssociate-Prof.WangLijun,mysupervisor,whoseguidanceandinsightfulcriticismhavebeengreatlyhelpfulinthewritingofthethesis.Ihavebeenimpressedandinspiredbyherpatienceandencouragement.

MythanksalsogototheSchoolofForeignStudies,HunanUniversityofScienceandTechnology,whereIhadgreatopportunitiestoattendclassesandimprovemyselfinknowledgeaswellasmycharacterformation.

Mygratitudewillalsoextendtomyclassmatesandfriendswhohavehelpedmeallalongthepastfouryearsandwhohavegivenmygoodadviceandalotofusefulinformationinmystudy.

Lastbutnottheleast，Ishouldexpressmygratefulthankstomyparentsfortheircontinuousencouragementandfinancialsupportinthecourseofmyfour-yearundergraduatestudies.

Abstract

Withthedevelopmentofresearchondiscourseanalysis,corpus-basedapproachhasestablishedasafreshapproachlinguistics.Firstlygivesabriefintroductiontodiscourseanalysisandintroduceanewapproachbasedontheoriesofcorpuslinguistics.Thenintroducescorpuslinguistics.FinallyanalyzesObama’sspeechesundertheguidanceofthetheoryofcorpuslinguistics.Somelinguisticfeaturesofpublicspeecheswillbediscovered,totellpeoplehowtoachievethesupportinthepublicspeeches.

KeyWords:

discourseanalysis;corpuslinguistics;Obama’selectionspeeches

中文摘要

随着研究的深入，语料库语言学蓬勃发展起来，基于语料库的研究方法已经成为语言学研究的一种新兴方法。

本文首先回顾了以往有关语篇分析的方法，介绍基于语料库的分析方法。

其次介绍了语料库语言学。

最后在语料库语言学理论的指导下，尝试分析了美国总统奥巴马竞选演讲，旨在发现公共演讲的语言特征，启示人们如何在公共演讲中获得更多的支持。

关键词：

语篇分析；语料库语言学；奥巴马竞选演讲

Contents

Acknowledgmentsi

Abstractii

中文摘要iii

Introduction1

I.GeneralReviewofDiscourseAnalysis2

1.1DefinitionofDiscourseAnalysis2

1.2AReviewofPreviousApproachestoDiscourseAnalysis2

1.3CorpusLinguisticApproachtoDiscourseAnalysis4

II.ABriefIntroductiontoCorpusLinguistics5

2.1DefinitionandTypesofCorpus5

2.2DefinitionofCorpusLinguistics6

2.3TheRoleofComputerinCorpusLinguistics7

III.AnalysisoftheU.S.PresidentObama’sElectionSpeeches..8

3.1CorporaUsedintheStudy8

3.2AnalysisofWordsLengthofObama’sSpeech9

3.3AnalysisofthekeywordsinObamaSpeechesCorpus10

3.3.1PersonalPronouns11

3.3.2ModalVerbs12

3.3.3Connectives14

Conclusion16

Bibliography17

Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………..18

Introduction

Aftermanyyearsofdevelopment,discourseanalysisnowestablishesitselfasaninterdisciplinaryfieldofstudy.

Studiesondiscourseanalysisareanimportantfieldinmodernlinguistics.Influencedbyotherdisciplines,manyapproachestodiscourseanalysishavedevelopedandimprovedgradually.SomemainanalysismethodsincludethosebasedonSpeechActTheory,SocialLinguistics,Systemic-FunctionalGrammar,CognitiveLinguistics,Pragmatics,Rhetoricandsoon.Sincethe1980s,corpuslinguisticshasdevelopedwithcomputercorpusconstructionandapplication.Corpus-basedapproachhasbecomeafreshandpopularapproachinappliedlinguistics.

Publicspeechesplaythemostimportantrolesingeneralelection,theycaninfluenceandpersuadetheaudiences.BarackHusseinObama,thecurrentPresidentoftheUnitedStates,isperhapsoneofthemostbrilliantpoliticiansaroundtheworld.Hispowerfulwordsandperfectspeechtechniquescontributetohissuccess.Obama’soutstandingcommunicationabilitiesenablehimtogainsupportfromthemostdiversegroupsinAmerican.Therefore,thisthesischoosesObama’sspeechesasaresearchsubject.Byusingthecorpus-basedapproach,somelinguisticfeaturesofPresidentObama’sspeecheswillbediscovered.

Thisthesisconsistsofthreechapters.Chapteronepresentsabriefintroductiontothepreviousapproachestodiscourseanalysisandintroducesanewapproachbasedontheoriesofcorpuslinguistics.Chaptertwointroducestheoriesofcorpuslinguisticswhichincludedefinitionandtypesofcorpus,definitionofcorpuslinguisticsandtheroleofcomputeincorpuslinguistics.ChapterthreeanalyzesObama’selectionspeechesundertheguidanceoftheoriesofcorpuslinguistics.

Allinall,thethesisisintendedtoprovideanintroductiontoanewapproachtodiscourseanalysis.Theapproachisbasedontheoriesofdiscourseanalysisandcorpuslinguistics.Somemainpointsaresummarized.Limitationsoftheresearchandfurthereffortsaretobemade.

I.GeneralReviewofDiscourseAnalysis

Thispartisthegeneralreviewofthethesis,inthischapterwewillgivesabriefintroductiontothediscourseanalysis,thetheoriesandapproachesconcerningthepresentresearch.Besides,anewapproachtodiscourseanalysiswillbeintroduced.

1.1DefinitionofDiscourseAnalysis

Theterm,“discourseanalysis”wasfirstusedbyZ.S.HarriswhopublishedapaperentitledDiscourseAnalysisonthemagazineLanguageintheyearof1952.ItisgenerallybelievedthatdiscourseanalysisemergesasageneralapproachtolanguagestudiesandasaprominentforceinAppliedLinguisticstoday.Manyexpertshavedonealotofresearchestodevelopdiscourseanalysissincethe1960s.

Wecandefinethetermbylookingupadictionary.Richardsetal.（1998:

521）define“discourseanalysis”as“thestudyofhowsentencesinspokenandwrittenlanguageformlargermeaningfulunitssuchasparagraphs,conversations,interviews,etc.”

Discourseanalysisisconcernedwiththestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthecontextinwhichitisused.Itgrewrapidlyindifferentdisciplinesinthe1960sandearly1970s,includinglinguistics,psychology,anthropologyandsociology.Discourseanalystsstudylanguageinuse:

writtentextsofallkinds,andspokendata,fromconversationtohighlyformsoftalk.（McCarthy,2002:

5）

WiddowsonandHallidaythinkdiscourseanalysisisthestudyoftextcohesionanddiscoursecoherence.BrownandYule（2000:

1）haveremarkedthat“theanalysisofdiscourseis,necessarily,theanalysisoflanguageinuse.”

1.2AReviewofPreviousApproachestoDiscourseAnalysis

Sincethe1960sandearly1970s,ithasdevelopedvariousapproachesofstudyandhascontinuedtodevelopnewtheories.Discourseanalysiscanbeappliedtoanytextorlanguagecontext.Inthefollowingdiscussions,wewillreviewanumberofpreviousbutimportantapproachesindiscourseanalysis.Theyarethespeechactapproach,thesystemic-functionalapproach,thecognitiveapproachandthecriticallinguisticapproach.

ThespeechactapproachispresentedbytwophilosophersJohnAustinandJohnSearle.Thetheorycomesfromthebasicinsightthatlanguageisusednottodescribetheworld,butalsotoperformaseriesofotheractionsthatcanbeindicatedintheperformanceofutterancesthemselves.Thespeechactapproachtodiscourseanalysisfocusesoncommunicativeactsperformedthroughspeech.Itisbasicallyconcernedwithwhatpeople“do”withlanguage---withthefunctionsoflanguage.（Schiffrin,1994）

Thesystemic-functionalapproachtodiscourseanalysisisdevelopedbyM.A.K.Halliday,aprominentlinguistmuchinfluencedbyideasofthePragueSchoolwhosuggeststhebasicstatementaboutlanguageisthatlanguageisfunctional.He’swayofmakingananalysisofatextisthroughstudyingthethreemajorfunctionsoflanguage,whichhenamesideationalfunction,interpersonalfunction,andtextualfunction.TheSystemic-functionalapproachisapopularapproachtoDiscourseAnalysisaroundtheworld.

Thiscognitiveapproachtodiscourseanalysisoriginatesinpsychology.Itstudiesthecognitiveprocessofdiscourseproduction,comprehension,storageandreproduction.VanDijkisoneoftherepresentativesofthisapproach,whoseapproachdiffersfromlinguisticonesinthatheshowsinterestsintheactualprocessofdecoding,interpretation,storage,andimagespresentationofbrain.Thisapproachhasastrongtendencytorelatediscoursestudytothestudyofhumanpsychology.

Thefinaloneisthecriticallinguisticapproach.Today‘society’and‘criticism’havebecomekeywordsinvariousn