FastReading汇总.docx

FastReading汇总.docx

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FastReading汇总

PartIIReading（skimmingandscanning）（15minutes）

Directions：

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestion1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）,andD）.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

PassageOneBeautyandBodyImageintheMedia

Imagesoffemalebodiesareeverywhere.Women—andtheirbodyparts—selleverythingfromfoodtocars.Popularfilmandtelevisionactressesarebecomingyounger,tallerandthinner.Somehaveevenbeenknowntofaintonthesetfromlackoffood.Women’smagazinesarefullofarticlesurgingthatiftheycanjustlosethoselasttwentypounds,they’llhaveitall—theperfectmarriage,lovingchildren,greatsex,andarewardingcareer.

Whyarestandardsofbeautybeingimposedonwomen,themajorityofwhomarenaturallylargerandmorematurethananyofthemodels?

Theroots,someanalystssay,areeconomic.Bypresentinganidealdifficulttoachieveandmaintain,thecosmeticanddietproductindustriesareassuredofgrowthandprofits.

Andit’snoaccidentthatyouthisincreasinglypromoted,alongwiththinness,asanessentialcriterionofbeauty.Ifnotallwomenneedtoloseweight,forsurethey’reallaging,saystheQuebecActionNetworkforWomen’sHealthinits2001report.And,accordingtotheindustry,ageisadisasterthatneedstobedealtwith.

Thestakesarehuge.Ontheonehand,womenwhoareinsecureabouttheirbodiesaremorelikelytobuybeautyproducts,newclothes,anddietaids.Itisestimatedthatthedietindustryaloneisworthanywherebetween40to100billion（U.S.）ayearsellingtemporaryweightloss（90to95%ofdietersregainthelostweight）.Ontheotherhand,researchindicatesthatexposuretoimagesofthin,young,air-brushedfemalebodiesislinkedtodepression,lossofself-esteemandthedevelopmentofunhealthyeatinghabitsinwomenandgirls.

TheAmericanresearchgroupAnorexiaNervosa&RelatedEatingDisorders,Inc.saysthatoneoutofeveryfourcollege-agedwomenusesunhealthymethodsofweightcontrol—includingfasting,skippingmeals,excessiveexercise,laxative（泻药）abuse,andself-inducedvomiting.Thepressuretobethinisalsoaffectingyounggirls:

theCanadianWomen’sHealthNetworkwarnsthatweightcontrolmeasuresarenowbeingtakenbygirlsasyoungas5and6.Americanstatisticsaresimilar.

Severalstudies,suchasoneconductedbyMarikaTiggemannandLevinaClarkin2006titled“AppearanceCultureinNine-to12-Year-OldGirls:

MediaandPeerInfluencesonBodyDissatisfaction,”indicatethatnearlyhalfofallpreadolescentgirlswishtobethinner,andasaresulthaveengagedinadietorareawareoftheconceptofdieting.In2003,Teenmagazinereportedthat35percentofgirls6to12yearsoldhavebeenonatleastonediet,andthat50to70percentofnormalweightgirlsbelievetheyareoverweight.Overallresearchindicatesthat90%ofwomenaredissatisfiedwiththeirappearanceinsomeway.

MediaactivistJeanKilbourneconcludesthat,“Womenaresoldtothedietindustrybythemagazineswereadandthetelevisionprogramswewatch,almostallofwhichmakeusfeelanxiousaboutourweight.”

UnattainableBeauty

Perhapsmostdisturbingisthefactthatmediaimagesoffemalebeautyareunattainableforallbutaverysmallnumberofwomen.ResearchersgeneratingacomputermodelofawomanwithBarbie-dollproportions,forexample,foundthatherbackwouldbetooweaktosupporttheweightofherupperbody,andherbodywouldbetoonarrowtocontainmorethanhalfaliverandafewcentimetersofbowel.Arealwomanbuiltthatwaywouldsufferfromchronicdiarrhea（慢性腹泻）andeventuallydiefrommalnutrition.JillBarad,PresidentofMattel（whichmanufacturesBarbie）,estimatedthat99%ofgirlsaged3to10yearsoldownatleastoneBarbiedoll.

Still,thenumberofreallifewomenandgirlswhoseekasimilarlyunderweightbodyisepidemic,andtheycansufferequallydevastatinghealthconsequences.In2006itwasestimatedthatupto450,000Canadianwomenwereaffectedbyaneatingdisorder.

TheCultureofThinness

Researchersreportthatwomen’smagazineshavetenandone-halftimesmoreadsandarticlespromotingweightlossthanmen’smagazinesdo,andoverthree-quartersofthecoversofwomen’smagazinesincludeatleastonemessageabouthowtochangeawoman’sbodilyappearance—bydiet,exerciseorcosmeticsurgery.

Televisionandmoviesreinforcetheimportanceofathinbodyasameasureofawoman’sworth.CanadianresearcherGregoryFoutsreportsthatoverthree-quartersofthefemalecharactersinTVsituationcomediesareunderweight,andonlyoneintwentyareaboveaverageinsize.Heavieractressestendtoreceivenegativecommentsfrommalecharactersabouttheirbodies（“Howaboutwearingasack?

”）,and80percentofthesenegativecommentsarefollowedbycannedaudiencelaughter.

Therehavebeeneffortsinthemagazineindustrytobuck（抵制，反抗）thetrend.ForseveralyearstheQuebecmagazineCoupdePoucehasconsistentlyincludedfull-sizedwomenintheirfashionpagesandChâtelainehaspledgednottotouchupphotosandnottoincludemodelslessthan25yearsofage.InMadrid,oneoftheworld’sbiggestfashioncapitals,ultra-thinmodelswerebannedfromtherunwayin2006.FurthermoreSpainhasrecentlyundergoneaprojectwiththeaimtostandardizeclothingsizesthroughusingauniqueprocessinwhichalaserbeamisusedtomeasurereallifewomen’sbodiesinordertofindthemosttruetolifemeasurement.

Ethics

Anotherissueistherepresentationofethnicallydiversewomeninthemedia.A2008studyconductedbyJuanitaCovertandTravisDixontitled“AChangingView:

RepresentationandEffectsofthePortrayalofWomenofColorinMainstreamWomen’sMagazines”foundthatalthoughtherewasanincreaseintherepresentationofwomenofcolour,overallwhitewomenwereoverrepresentedinmainstreamwomen’smagazinesfrom1999to2004.Self-ImprovementorSelf-Destruction?

Thebarrageofmessagesaboutthinness,dietingandbeautytells“ordinary”womenthattheyarealwaysinneedofadjustment—andthatthefemalebodyisanobjecttobeperfected.

JeanKilbournearguesthattheoverwhelmingpresenceofmediaimagesofpainfullythinwomenmeansthatrealwomen’sbodieshavebecomeinvisibleinthemassmedia.Therealtragedy,Kilbourneconcludes,isthatmanywomeninternalizethesestereotypes,andjudgethemselvesbythebeautyindustry’sstandards.Womenlearntocomparethemselvestootherwomen,andtocompetewiththemformaleattention.Thisfocusonbeautyanddesirability“effectivelydestroysanyawarenessandactionthatmighthelptochangethatclimate.”

注意：

此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

1.Women’smagazinesarefullofarticlestourgewomento___________.

A）eatlesssweetfoodC）marryarichhusband

B）loseweightD）haveatleasttwokids

2.Thecosmeticanddietproductindustriesgainprofitsby____________.

A）exaggeratingthegoodnessabouttheirproducts

B）targetingatchildrenandfemales

C）presentinganidealimagedifficulttoachieve

D）distributingfreesamplesfromhometohome

3.CanadianWomen’shealthNetworkwarnsthatweightcontrolmeasuresarenowbeingtakenbygirls_____________.

A）atage5or6C）atage13or14

B）atage9or10D）atage16or17

4.In2003,Teenmagazinereportedthat____________percentofnormalweightgirlsbelievetheyareoverweight.

A）35to50C）50to70

B）50D）90

5.ResearchersfoundthatarealwomanwithBarbie-dollproportionswould_____________.

A）sufferfromheartdiseaseC）liveamorerewardinglife

B）beverypopularwithmalesD）diefrommalnutrition

6.Televisionandmoviesemphasizethatawoman’sworthcanbejudgedby_____________.

A）thecosmeticssheusesC）thethinnessofherbody

B）thejewelryshewearsD）thewealthofherhusband

7.Spainhasrecentlyundergoneaprojectto_____________.

A）includefull-sizedwomeninitsfashionmagazines

B）standardizeclothingsizes

C）banultra-thinmodelsfromtherunway

D）promoteweightlossamongmen

8.Inmainstreamwomen’smagazinesfrom1999to2004,______________wereoverrepresented.

9.JeanKilbourneconcludesthatmanywomenjudgethemselvesby_______________________.

10.Thefocuson___________________________destroysanyawarenessandactionthatmighthelptochangethetrend.

1.B2.C3.A.4.C5.D6.C.7.B

8.overallwhitewomen

9.thebeautyindustry’sstandards

10.beautyanddesirability　　

PassageII.TimeOfffromWorkGainsinImportance

Americanworkersaresayingtheyneedabreak.Astheirnumberofhoursclockedonthejobhascrepthigher,moretimeoffhasbecomeabiggerpriority.Inthepastfewyears,humanresourcesexpertssaytimeoffhasconsistentlyplacedamongthetopthreeemployeeconcerns,alongwithcompensationandstaffinglevels,whereasitusedtobefartherdownthelist.InaSpolltakenonlineinNovember2004,39%ofworkerssaidifgiventhechoice,theywouldchoosetimeoffovertheequivalentinadditionalbasesalary.Ofcourse,mostofthe4,600respondentsarestilloptingforthebiggerpaycheck,butthedesirefortimeoffisupalmost20%fromjustthreeyearsagowhenSconductedasimilarpoll.

Thereasonsforthisshiftaremanyandvaried.Somehavetodowiththewayanewgenerationisthinkingaboutwork,whileothersaredrivenbyhowcompaniesarerespondingtorecenteconomicpressures.

ANewGeneration

　　Theresultsmayinpartrepresenttheneedsofanewbreedofworkers.TheaverageAmericanisworkingonemonth（160hours）moreeachyearthanagenerationago.Accord