作文结构分析.docx
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作文结构分析
高考英语写作结构:
必须在有限的时间内完成, 而且字数不宜过多。
因此多数是以三段居多,且要求学生做到:
语言精简,表达到位,切莫用中文的思路去写英语高考作文。
三段分为:
引言段、主体段和结尾段。
第一段:
开门见山导入主题;
第二段:
采用先总后分的手法,即先亮出主题句,然后再用发展句充实段落。
最后一段:
一定要与引言段收尾呼应。
中间段落如何写:
(先总后分的方法)
例一:
Howtosavetherarewildanimals
Mysuggestionstodealwiththeproblemareasfollows.Tobeginwith,itisurgenttocreatenaturereserves.Secondly,certainrarewildanimalsthataregoingtobeextinctshouldbecollected,fedandreproducedartificially.Finally,thosewhohunterthemmustbepunishedseverely.
例二:
Howtodealwiththeairpollutioncausedbycars:
Onepossiblesolutionistodesignanddevelopcleancarsandcleanfuels.InTsinghuaUniversity,campusbusesaredrivenbyelectricity.InBeijingsomeofthepublicbusesbegintorunonnaturalgas,whichdoesnotgiveoffasmuchcarbondioxideasthepetrol.Butitmaytakedecadesforthenewmodelsofcleancarstocompletelyreplacethetraditionalones.
Anotherwayistodevelopmodernpublictransportationsystemsandrestricttheuseofprivatecars.Ifthepriceofpetrolrisesconstantlyandthepublicvehiclesareefficientandconvenientenough,mostpeoplewillnotprivatecars.Andthetotalnumberofcarsinbigcitieswillreducegreatly.
例三:
Whyisthefastfoodrestaurantsopopular?
Thereareseveralreasonsforitspopularity.First,itisveryconvenientandsavesalotoftime.Thetrendsofmodernsocietyseemtoallpointtooneultimategoal—savingtime,andfastfoodwellservesthispurpose.Youjustgointoafastfoodrestaurant,orderyourfood,andyourfoodisreadyinnotime.Youcaneithereatitthereortakeitaway.Second,itspopularityisalsoattributedtothecleanandcomfortableenvironmentoffastfoodrestaurants,theexcellentservice,andtheguaranteedqualityoffood.
经典句型:
1.提出现象(点出论题):
位于段首(开头点题):
①thereisawidespread(普遍的)concernovertheissuethat对…有广泛的关注;②thereisaheateddiscussionthat+现象。
。
。
;③…isaverypopulartopicwhichismuchtalkedaboutnotonlyby…butalsoby
2.两方面阐述:
ononehand,ontheotherhand;foronething,foranother;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,tobeginwith,tocontinuewith;
3.我认为:
asfarasIamconcerned=inmyopinion=personallyspeaking=frommypointofview;Iholdtheviewthat+从句…:
Ifirmlybelievethat…+从句;asforme,
4.综上所述:
takingeverythingintoconsideration/account综合考虑,throughtheaboveanalyses通过以上分析;Fromwhatismentionedabove,综上所述;considering/inviewof+名词鉴于,考虑到inconclusion(最后,综上所述);allinall(总的来说);soitgoeswithoutsayingthat+从句(不言而喻);aboveall(首要的是,最重要的是,尤其);thatistosay=namely也就是说
5.倡议:
Weshouldsparenoefforttotakesomemeasurestosolvethisproblem.Iamheretocalloneveryonetoworktogether…soit’shightimethatwedealtwiththisproblemjointlyandcooperatively(虚拟).Onlythroughthejointefforts,canwe...(倒装句);itisthejointeffortsandthedeterminationtoundotheproblemthatcanbringussuccessatlast.(强调句)
6.Itisofgreatimportancetopracticetheproverb:
Itisofpracticalusetosticktothesaying:
谚语
Itisofnogoodtoafriendlyandharmonioussociety…对创建友好和谐的社会毫无益处。
Itisworthyofpraiseto..…是值得表扬的。
Whatweshoulddoisthat….我们应该做的事情是…
补充部分:
onaccountof=becauseof因为;…byandlarge(大体上说);onbehalfof为了…的利益;forthesakeof…为了…起见;andtheforth=andsoon等等;take…seriously/reasonably认真对待;理性对待;tosomeextent/degree=ina/somesense在某种程度上,从某个意义上;thanksto=dueto=owingto因为;accordingto根据;onthecontrary=contrarytosth相反地;incontrastto/with对比,比照;bycontrast对比之下;comparedwith与…比对;bychance/accident偶然地;inallaspects在各个方面;beboundtodosth一定会做;beemployedin=beengagedin=beoccupiedwith=bebusywith忙于;ingeneral大体而言;take…forgranted认为…理所当然;inhonorof对…表示敬意;ontheincrease/decline在增长/降低;
Atlength=intheend=inconclusion最后;letalone(动词原形或名词)更不要说=nottomention;tosaynothingof;judgingfrom/by由…判断;inthelightof鉴于;按照;根据;inthelongrun/term长远来看;ataloss茫然不知所措;inthemain大体上;asamatteroffact事实上;bymeansof依靠;nottomention更不要说=letalone;
注意句型的运用:
非谓语:
①独立主格:
with…;withpilesofhomeworktodo…;generally/personally/franklyspeaking(一般来说,个人来言,坦白来讲)
②从句(when)….+主句
倒装句:
Never…Notuntil…that;onlyinthisway…
虚拟语气:
butfor(要不是);Ifonly(要是…就好了);
It’shightime+(did)是做…的时候到了。
Itissuggested/advised/proposedthat+(should)do
Itisadvisable/important/necessary/+(should)do
Thereisnodoubtthat
Thereispossibilityofdoing/that
Thereisnodenyingthefactthat+同位语从句
Thereisnochancethat没有可能性
Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth做某事没有意义
Thereisnosenseindoingsth做某事没有意义/道理
Thereisnoneedtodosth
havenochoice/alternativebuttodosth别无选择只能做。
。
。
can’thelpingdoing/can’thelpbutdo情不自禁
1范文:
学生在网上查答案(寒暑假作业的)
Seeingthepicture,Ican’thelpsighingwithaheavyheart.Inthepicture,thewholefamilyarehelpingthelittleboywithhiswintervacationassignments.Andit’snothardtoimaginetheunreasonableamountofhomeworkheisfacedwith.
Thephenomenonmaybecausedbyvariousreasons.Inthefirstplace,itistheexam-orientededucationthatforcesteacherstogiveoutmoreassignments.What’smore,parents’over-expectationmaybeanotherreasontopressuretheschoolstoincreaseacademicburden.
Itisunderstandablethatwewanttoembraceabrighterfuturethroughexcellentacademicperformance.Nevertheless,inmyopinion,thelargeamountsofhomeworkarebynomeansidentifiedwithgoodmarks,letaloneindividualdevelopment.Theinfluentialcomponentsforasuccessfullifearecomplexandvariousincludinghealth,thoughtandsoon.IfIweretheteacher,Iwouldenhancetheefficiencyinclassinsteadofloadingstudentswithpilesofhomework.IfIwereaparent,Iwouldtakemychildtovisitamuseumorenjoyamovieratherthanenrollinginextracurriculumsformykids.
Thecultivationofchildrenisnotconfinedtopaperwork.Whenweadvocatemulti-culture,weshouldalsoadvocatemulti-education.
开头+内容+结尾
十二句作文法(十二句原则:
3+6+3)
考生一般都希望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多,因为写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点,另一方面又会占用过多的时间。
写得太多还易跑题,一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。
我们知道,高考作文倾向于选择三段式。
我们算一下,如果我们在每一段中写上四句,即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句就可以了。
这样全片在十二句左右,每一句十多个词,就有120-150个字。
一、开头类:
①名人名言+谚语俗语
一篇120字左右的作文里,出现1-2句名言点缀一下即可,切忌为求华丽生搬硬套,那样只会成为你的累赘,在老师眼里也只是一种显摆的行为,不讨巧。
在用到名言的时候,大致有这么4种写
1.Aproverbsays,……
2.Itgoeswithoutsayingthat……
3.Asaclassicproverbgoesthat……(推荐!
asaproverb/sayinggoes几乎人人会用,但加上个classic味道一下子就不一样了!
)
4.thereismuchtruthinthesaying“……”(俗话说得好……)
5.citedassaying,“……”援引……的话(这个比较漂亮,用的人也相对较少,推荐!
)
在论述努力学习一类的作文中可用到以下这些
It'snevertoooldtolearn.活到老,学到老。
Ajourneyofathousandmilesbeginswithasinglestep.千里之行始于足下。
(强调脚踏实地的重要性)
Onefalsestepwillmakeagreatdifference.失之毫厘,谬之千里。
(强调治学要严谨)
Anidleyouth,aneedyage.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
(不好好学习你就悲剧了)
Asamansows,soshallhereap.种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。
(声明天道酬勤的真理)
Actionspeakslouderthanwords.行动胜过语言。
(学习,是要去做的)
Experienceisthemotherofwisdom.实践出真知。
(做学问要实践)
Romewasnotbuiltinaday.伟业非一日之功。
(学习是个积累的过程)
Allworkandnoplaymakesjackadullboy.只工作不休息,聪明孩子也变傻。
(也要说说学习不能过度)
外表的一些名句+谚语
Afinecoatdoesnotmakeagentleman.衣着并不能装扮出一个君子
Neverjudgeabookbyitscover.不可以貌取人
Beautyisonlyskin-deep.美貌不过一张皮
Beautywillbuynobeef.漂亮不能当饭吃。
Beautywithoutvirtueislikearosewithoutfragrance.无德之美犹如无香之玫瑰,徒有其表。
Goodlooksarenotamust.美貌并非必需
②描述身边现象
1.Manyindividuals,ifnotthemost,harbortheideathat……(比较高阶的一种,词漂亮又有插入语,推荐!
)
2.Now,itisgenerallyaccepted/commonlythoughtthat……
3.Thereisagrowingtendencyfor……todo……(……开始呈现上升趋势)
4.……hascausedwidepublicconcernrecentyears(描述某件引起广泛关注的话题时)
5.Thereisageneraldebateon/over……Heated/hotdebateshavebeenstirreduptheseday/recently(写到有争议的话题时)
③介绍某些人、事、物
1.Whenspeaking/talkingof/Whenitcomesto...intermsof/inlightof/inviewof/withregardto/for/
2.……,describedas……,is……
e.g.Microblog,describedasanentirenewformofcommunication,hasnowcaughton流行quicklyamongteenagersbyenablingtheuserstoupdatetheirlateststatuswithinjustafewwords.
3.Itseemsthat……is……(sweepingtheworld/catchingon/becomingpopularovernight)(比如说说科技的飞速发展,电脑、网络的兴起等等)
④气势磅礴的排比
1.For……,itis…….For……,itis…….Andfor……,itis……(从多方面多角度去描述你要写的东西,前两个要为第三个蓄势,观点最后亮)
e.g.Forbaseballfans,2009wastheyearoftheYankees.Forjobseekers,itwastheyearoftheGreatRecession.Andforpeoplewhotrackbabynames,itwastheyearofthevampire.
2.……isa……,a……,a……(递进式)
e.g.Firstlove,isasurgeofadrenalin(肾上腺素),arushofblood,athingofinnocenceandpainthatlastsalifetime.
初恋是情感巨浪的汹涌,是情感在热血中的奔流,是情感纯真的表露,亦是一生中永恒的伤痛
⑤回忆式开头
回忆式的写法的作用就相当于语文中的倒叙,用你的开头将读者带回到当时的情景,用在叙述一件事情的作文中效果尤其好
1.Ineverforget/remember/bearinmindthe……daywhen……
Ineverforgetthesweetdaywhenwewalkeddownthestreethandinhand.
2.Gonearethedayswhen……was/were;did/coulddo(强大句型!
抒情记叙说明文通用!
此句一出如同必杀><)
Gonearethedayswhenwestrove,welaughedandcriedtogetherwithDeng.
Gonearethedayswhenwecouldreleasethegreenhousegaseswithoutasecondthought.
3.Onceuponatime……wasjusta……(用于强调某人某物今非昔比时)
OnceuponatimeLiubeiwasjustapeddlersellingstrawsandals.曾经刘备也只是个卖草鞋的小贩
4.Thereareveryfewthings/peopleItrulylove/hateinlife.(few表达你对该事物的特殊感情,再用truly进一步强调,接着要做的就是开始具体叙述你所要写之事)
⑥否定句开头
1.Perhapsnoone/nothingelse(onEarth/inhistory)hassucha……as……(用来强调描写对象的独一无二)(对你来说珍贵的人或物)
PerhapsnooneelseonEarthhassuchanaffinity(closerelationship)withtheNorthPoleasJean-LouisEtienne.
也许这个世界上没有人会像Jean-LouisEtienne那样与北极有过如此亲密的接触
2.Therearen’tmany……(people/teenagers/citizens)whohavehadthehonor/chanceto……
Therearen’tvery