蓄电池外文.docx

蓄电池外文.docx

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蓄电池外文

3.Modelconstruction

Systemsimulationhasbeenwidelyusedinmanyfields.For

instance,Gempesawetal.（1994）appliedsimulationtoexaminetheeffectofthebroilergrowingindustrybetweenAmericaandCanada.Theyanalyzedandcomparedtheprofitabilityandproductivityofthebroilerfarmerinbothcountriesundervariousmarketconditions.ChengandDuran（2004）utilizedsimulationtechnologytosolvetransportproblemsintheoilindustry.Theyformulatedasimulationframeworktoimitatetheinventoryandtransportationsystemofanoilindustry,whichcombinesasimulationmodelandacontroller.Throughthisframework,decisionmakerscanuseitasausefultooltoevaluatethedifferentstrategiesandoperationmodelsofthetransportsystem.Harrelletal.（2003）generalizedfivestepsforsimulation.Granataetal.（2012）utilizedsimulationstoanalyzetwohydrometallurgicalprocessesfortherecoveryoflithiumandcobaltfromlithiumionbatteries.Theeffectofaddingasecondarysolventextractionpurificationstepwasevaluatedintermsofproductpurityandeconomicalfeasibility.

Simulationmodelconstructioninthisstudyinvolvesthreesteps:

1）Observationoftherecyclingsystem;2）Buildingasimulationmodeland3）Calculationofcosteffectiveness.

3.1.Analyzingrecyclingprocess

Atthisstage,weinvestigatedthewastedrybatteryrecycling

processesusedinTaiwan.TheresultwasillustratedinFig.2.

3.2.Buildingsimulationmodels

Aftercarefulstudyofthestatusofdrybatteryrecyclingin

Taiwan,wedefinedthescopeandassumptionsneededforsimulation.Modelconstructionwasdoneasfollows:

1）systemdescription,

2）datacollectionandanalysis,

3）buildingthesimulationmodel,

4）modelverificationandvalidation.

3.2.1.Systemdescription

Acomprehensivedescriptionofthesystemwaspreparedbefore

themodelwasbuilt.Usingtheexistingwastedrybatteryrecycling

arrangementsinTaiwanasabasis,webuiltuprecyclingsystemsfor

thethreeschemeswewantedtopinpoint.Twoimportantaspects

oftheproblem,thepurchasebehaviorofdifferentconsumergroups

andcosteffectivenesswereconsideredindetail.

3.2.2.Datacollectionandanalysis

Torunthesesimulationmodelsitisnecessarytoconfigurethe

parameterstomimicarealworldsystem.Thedatausedwas

collectedfromtheliteratureandfrominterviewswithexperts.

Reasonableassumptionsweremadefordatathatwasunavailable

fromthesesources.

Theparametersandschemeconceptforthisresearchwere

basedondatafromaseriesofprojectscarriedoutfortheEnvironmentProtectionAssociation（EPA）ofTaiwanbyexpertsinthe

relatedfields.Usingpracticaldatacanreducethedeviationduring

simulationandanalysis.

Table1showstheparametersandtheirsourcetypes.

3.2.3.Buildingthesimulationmodels

WeusedthesimulationsoftwarepackageeM-Planttobuildthe

threemodelsthatwillbediscussedhere:

1）theexistingrecycling

schemeasusedinTaiwan,2）adepositsystem,and3）anorganized

producerresponsibilityscheme（PRO）combinedwithadeposit

system.Figs.3e5illustratethesemodels.

Inthefirstsimulationexperiment,componentsofthesystem

aretheproducer,market,consumer,recycleranddomesticprocesser.Producersdistributenewbatteriesonthemarket.Consumerssendtheirusedbatteriestorecyclingcollectionpoints.Recyclerscollecttheusedbatteriesandresellthemtodomesticcompaniesforprocessing.

Inthesecondsimulationmodel,thatincludesthedepositsystem,thecomponentsarethesamebuttheconsumersareseparatedintotwogroups:

thosewhoreturnedausedbatterywhenbuyinganewoneandthosewhodonot.Theusedbatteriesarestillcollectedbyrecyclerstoberesoldtodomesticprocessers.

Therearemorecomplexvariationsinthelastsimulationexperiment.Consumersareseparatedintothreegroups:

thosewhoreturnausedbattery,buywithoutareturn,andthosewhobuyaplatformbattery.TherearetwotypesofRecyclers:

self-recyclersandplatform-recyclers.Batteriesthatbelongtothedepositsystemgroupwillbecollectedbyself-recyclers.Batteriesinthebuyplatformwillbecollectedbyplatform-recyclers.Thesebatterieswillalsoberesoldtodomesticprocessers.

3.2.4.Modelverificationandvalidation

Carefulverificationofthemodelisimportanttoensurethese

modelsbehaveasexpected,andtoconfirmthatbehaviorofthesystemcomplieswiththeassumptions.Forthispurposewedesignedavisualmethodusinganimationwhichallowedveryclearobservationofsystembehaviorandmadeiteasytoseeerrorsandmakecorrectionstoimprovethemodel.

Validationisfocusedoncorrectoutputdata,butbecausethe

modelsusedherearealmostnon-existentinpractice,weusedensitivityanalysistoconfirmvalidityofthedata.

Table1

Parameterandsourcetype.

ParameterSourcetype

BatteryproducetimeReference

BatterydischargetimeReference

RecyclersupplyperiodAssumption

ProcessermachineworktimeReferenceandassumption

3.3.Costeffectivenessdefinition

Inthisresearch,costeffectivenessisexpressedbytheE/Pratio,

wherethetotalcostofthesystemisthedenominatorandthetotal

profitofthesystemthenumerator.TheE/Pratiocanbeinterpreted

astheperformancebenefitofarunningsystemandthiscanbeused

topersuadetheproducerstore-designproductssotheirend-of-life

willhavetheleasteffectontheenvironment.ThelargertheE/P

ratiothebetter.Inaddition,theE/Pratioshouldnotchange

dramaticallyduringsimulationrunstoensuretherationalityand

stabilityofthesimulationmodels.

4.Executingsimulation

TherecyclingsystemforwastedrybatteriesinTaiwanisdifferentfromthatinothercountries.TheRecyclingFundManagementBoardhasbeenestablishedformanyyearsandhasbeenhowntobequiteeffective,buttherearestillmanyoperationalproblems.

Wetookthewastedrybatteryrecyclingsystem,asitexistsin

Taiwan,astheanalysisobject.Webuiltupthreerecyclingsystem

models,accordingtodifferentschemes.Bychangingtherecyclingratesandconsumerproportions,andanalyzingthecosteffectivenessforeachmodel,wewereabletomakeareliableevaluationofthefeasibilityofeachdifferentscheme.

4.1.Schemeexplanationandassumptions

Batteriesarereplacedfrequentlywhentheusagetimeisshort.

Tocontrolthebehaviorofmembersinthesystemaccuratelywould

beverydifficultandtheamountofdatawouldbehuge.Therefore,

wefocusonhowthedifferentrecyclingrates,consumerproportionsanddifferentrecyclingsystemsaffectthecosteffectiveness.Weshowthesemembersasanodeandobservehowbatteriesshiftinthesystemandthenumberofbatteriesthatstayintheconsumergroups.

Beforestartingthesimulationexperiments,weneededtomakesomeassumptions:

1.Thedrybatteriesconsideredherearezincandnon-buttontype

alkalinemanganeseunits.AlthoughtheprocessersinTaiwan

haveestablishedarecoveryprocessforsecond-gradebatteries,

itstilldoesnotwork,andonlyfirst-gradebatteryrecoveryis

consideredhere.

2.Itwasassumedtheinventoryandrecoveryvolumecouldsatisfy

systeminput.

3.Executiontimewaseighthoursperday,fivedaysaweek,for51

weeksperyearoveraperiodofthreeyears.

4.Themeanandstandarddeviationwassetaccordingtothesales

volumesinTaiwanbetween2002and2008.

5.Thesimulationtime,usingtheoriginalsalesvolumes,would

havebeenfartoolongandwethereforescaleditdownbya

factorof300.

6.Consumerbehaviorisassumedtobethesameforallthe

differentschemes.

7.Thecommonparametersaresetthesameforeachscheme.

8.Thesystemscopestartswiththeproducersandendswiththe

domesticprocessers.

4.1.1.Scheme1:

theexistingrecyclingsystem

Inthisscheme,producersandimportersreleasenewbatteriestomarket.Consumerswillretain25%ofthebatteriesasinventorywhentheybuynewbatteries.Theusedbatterieswillbesenttorecyclingstationsandcollectedbytherecyclers,whoreselltodomesticprocessersforrecycling.Afterclassifying,crushing,sievingandmagneticseparation,wastedrybatterieswillbetransformedintomanydifferentkindsofresource,suchasiron,zincandmanganesedioxide.

ProducersandimporterspayADFtotheRecyclingFundManagementBoard,accordingtosalesvolume,atthefixedrateofNT$23.50perkilogram.TheRecyclingFundManagementBoardthenpaysasubsidyofNT$43.50perkilogramtotheprocessers.RecyclerssellcollectedwastedrybatteriestodomesticprocessersforNT$28.00perkilogram.Aftertherecyclingprocess,processersselltherecoveredresourcesatNT$9.25perkilogramforiron;NT$14.50perkilogramforsieving;andNT$3.00perkilogramfor

Table2

Simulationsequencesforscheme1.

SequenceRecyclerate

115%

225%

345%

460%

magneticseparation.DrybatteriesareimportedforNT$104.14perkilogramand43%ofthetotaloutlayisincome.Theyarethensold

onthemarketforNT$24.25perbattery,and30%ofthisisincome.Finally,theRecyclingFundManagementBoardwillexpendNT$2,473,498peryearasauditedcost.ThecashflowdiagramofScheme1isshowninFig.6.

Recyclerscollectwastedrybatteriesfivedaysaweek,andresell

themtodomesticprocessers.Recyclerstake68%ofrevenueasoutlayand32%isincome.Inthismodel,weconsiderfourlevelsofrecyclingrateinfoursimulationexperiments.

4.1.2.Scheme2:

thedepositsystem

HerebasicconditionsarealmostidenticaltothoseinScheme1.

Theonlydifferenceisconsumerseparation.Underthedepositsystemconsumersareseparatedintotwogroups:

Thosewhobuywithbatteriesandthosewhobuywithoutbatteries.

Consumerswhodon