自然拼音法基本规则和小窍门The basic rules and tricks of phonics.docx

自然拼音法基本规则和小窍门The basic rules and tricks of phonics.docx

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自然拼音法基本规则和小窍门Thebasicrulesandtricksofphonics

自然拼音法基本规则和小窍门（Thebasicrulesandtricksofphonics）

Phonics（Phonics）isamethodofreadinganEnglishwordandpronouncingitoutaccordingtothepronunciationofthelettersintheword.InkindergartensandschoolsintheUnitedStates,childrenhavebeentaughtphonicssincetheywerethreeyearsold,amethodusedbyAmericanchildrentolearntheirmothertongue.

Englishisalphabeticwriting,allwordsarespelledoutby26letters,butinthetensofthousandsofdifferentspellingsinpronunciationfactorsisonly39-47,whichshows26lettersandphonemesareacertainassociation.However,Englishismoreesotericalphabeticwriting,thatisnotaone-to-onecorrespondencebetweenthe26lettersandphonemes,butonetomanyandmanytoonecomplexrelationship,thespellingandpronunciationofEnglishvocabularylearningwillincreasethedifficulty.Nevertheless,peoplehavesummedupalotofpronunciationrules,whichareapplicabletomostEnglishwords.Thisiscalledphonics.IntheUnitedStates,childrenhavetomasterphonicsatschoolfirst.Theyshouldmasterallthebasicrulesbeforetheyreachthethreegrade,andbecomeaskilledreader.Tograspthebasicrulesofphonics,studentswillneedtorelyonalotofreadingtoincreasevocabulary,richcorrespondencebetweenlettersandsoundsinthemind,tobeabletoknownotthenewrulesofpronunciationvocabularypronunciationmaketherightguess,atthisstage,itcanbesaidtohavebeencompletelymasterEnglishreading.

EducationalexpertsintheUnitedStatesdefinetheprocessofchildreadingasthefollowingfivestep-by-stepsteps:

1.PhonemicAwareness（phonemicawarenessformation）

2.AlphabeticPrinciple（Masteringtherulesofalphabeticpronunciation）

3.Accuracy&Fluency（accuracyandproficiencyinwordmastering）

4.Vocabulary（enlargedvocabulary）

5.Comprehension（perfectcombinationofreadingandunderstanding）

Generallyspeaking,Americanchildrenattheageofthreeorfour,26lettersEnglishbegantolearn,andlearntotheseletterwords,thistimethechild,mosthavemastered26letters,buttheirpronunciationisjustavagueunderstanding,alsocannotcompletelytakethepronunciationofthelettersandwordsup.TeachersandparentswhopayattentiontoEnglishreadingwilloftenreadchildren'sbooks,whilereadingthemwiththeirfingersinthecorrespondingtext,sothatchildrengraduallyestablishthepronunciationofwordsandthecorrespondingrelationshipoftext.Thisstageisthephonemeawarenessformationstage（Phonemic,Awareness）.

Whenthechildrenwerefiveyearsold,hasofficiallyenteredtheprimaryschool（Kindergarten）,preschoolchildreneducationbegansystematic,teachersbegantosystematicallyexplaineachlettersoundsandinitialsoundwordandtheendingtone,pronunciationshortvowels,themostbasic,andexercisethechildtheysawawordaftertheyreadout（Sounditout.）,atthesametimetoteachchildrenhowtolistento,accordingtotheteacher'spronunciationspellingoutwords.Thisphasemixestheabovefirst,secondprocesses（Phonemic,Awareness,Alphabetic,Principle）.

Thechildreninthelearningphase,spellingoftenmakemanymistakes,suchastheword"cat"manychildrenwillwrite"Kat","duck"as"DUK",atthistimetheteacherwilladviseparentsnottohelpchildrentocorrect,becausethisisanecessarystage,thechildrenaretolearnpronunciation,etc.knowledgegraduallyenriched,andgraduallyincreasetheamountofreading,thechildrenwillrealizethatsometimes"C"and"K"arepronouncedthesame,but"cat"is"C"insteadof"K","CK"and"K"ispronouncedthesame,but"duck"mustbe"CK"andsoon.Afterayearofstudyandconsolidation,

Thechildrencanreadthesimplelettersofthreeorfourlettersandpronouncethemaloud.Theycanalsospellthewordcorrectlywhentheyheartheteacher.

Inprimaryschoolgradeoneortwo（Grade1&2）,teachersgraduallyteachsomeslightlymorecomplexcombinationsofwordsandpronunciationrules,suchasmanydoubleconsonants,multisyllablewords,longvowels,multitoneandirregularvoweletc..Basicallyinthesecondgradeafterthechildrenhavebasicallymasteredmostoftheessenceofphonics,readinghasnomajorobstacles,atthistimetheteacher'steachingfocusistransferredtoreadingcomprehension,deepergrammar,writingandsoontoenterthethird,fourth,fifthstage.Afterreadingtherulesofpronunciation,thechildrenaremoreinterestedinreading,becausebytakingabook,thechildrencanreadmostofthewords,whichwillbeagreatachievementforthechildren!

ItisworthmentioningthattheEnglishclassesinthelowergradesintheUnitedStatesarebasicallythroughreading.Inclass,itmaybethattheteacherguidesthestudenttoread,ormaybethestudentreadsithimself.Afterreading,thestudentwillanswertheteacher'squestionsandretellthegistofthestory.Thestudentsarenottheonlyfixedoneortwotextbooksfortheteachingmaterial,butatleastaweekreadingabookfortheirdegreeofbooksinclass,everystudentisalsorequiredtoprovidethismonthtotheteacherextracurricularreadinglist,thesourceofthesebooks,isapubliclibrary,eachstudentinthecampus,basicallyformylibrarycard.Thelibraryhasalargenumberofbookssuitableforchildrenofallagesandlevels.Somebookshaveonlyafewwords,somehavemorethan100vocabulary,andsomehavehundredsoreventhousandsofbooks.Lowgradechildrenareoftenseenholdingpicturebooksandsimplebooks,andolderchildrenholdalargebookwithgreatrelish.

PhonicsistheonlywayforAmericanschoolchildrentolearntoread.Thefollowingtablelistsafew,theprimaryschoolfromkindergartentothethirdgradebasicrequirementsinthereading,itcanbeaglimpseofphonicsmasteryofseveralcriteria:

LetterNamingFluency（SoundsFluency,Initialalphabet）（initialsoundresolution）,PhonemicSegmentationFluency,NonsenseWord（phonemedecomposition）Fluency（nonsensewordsread）,OralReadingFluencytoreachandgraspphonicsmethod（oralreadingfluency）.

IntheUnitedStates,althoughtherearesomechildrenlearnpronunciationrulesafterreading,butcannotfullyunderstandthecontentsofthebook,butmostofthechildrentoreadandunderstandorsynchronousdevelopment,becauseAmericanchildrengrewupinanEnglishenvironment,canspeakaword,justreadout,themajorityofchildrenitistounderstandthemeaningof.ButforChinesechildrenwhoarenotnativespeakersofEnglish,thereisstillabiggapbetweenreadingandreading.Thisisalsoanimportantreasonwhymanyparentsdoubtwhethernaturalphonicscanmakesenseinchina.

Basicrulesandtricksofphonics（Part1）

Englishisalphabeticwriting,allwordsarespelledoutby26letters,butinthetensofthousandsofdifferentspellingsinpronunciationfactorsisonly39-47,whichshows26lettersandphonemesareacertainassociation.However,Englishismoreesotericalphabeticwriting,thatisnotaone-to-onecorrespondencebetweenthe26lettersandphonemes,butonetomanyandmanytoonecomplexrelationship,thespellingandpronunciationofEnglishvocabularylearningwillincreasethedifficulty.Nevertheless,peoplehavesummedupalotofpronunciationrules,whichareapplicabletomostEnglishwords.Thisiscalledphonics.The26lettersofEnglisharedividedintovowelsandconsonants,withonly5vowels,namely,a,e,I,O,u,andtherestareconsonants.Formostconsonants,theirpronunciationisonetoone,

Andafewconsonants,eachwithtwoormorepronunciations.

Aconsonantcorrespondingtothepronunciation:

B--BallD--dogF--fish

H--hatJ--jumpK--kite

L--legm--mann--not

P-penQ-quickR-run

S--SunT--tenV--vest

W--waterZ--Zoo

（notethatQanduarealwayslinkedtogether.）

Aconsonantwithmorethanoneconsonant:

Examplesofletterpronunciations

WhentheletterCisfollowedbya,O,u,thepronunciationofCisthesameasthatoftheletterK.Itiscalled"hard,C,sound",cat,cap,call,coat,C,cup

Whentheletter"C"isfollowedby"e","I"or"Y",usuallythepronunciationofCisthesameasthatoftheletterS.Itiscalled"softCsound","city","ice","rice","face","cell","cent","voice","pencil","juice"

Sometimes,infrontofEorI,Csends/sh/sound,ocean,racial,social

Glettersg,followedbya,O,u,thesoundiscalled"hard,G,sound",girl,gas,get,give,go

WhentheletterGfollowedbyE,I,orY,sometimesGJsoundsandlettersarepronouncedthesame,called"softage,change,Gmusicginger,Egypt,gentle,giraffe,forget,give,badgespecialcase:

GirlGhardsound

Xxsendsthe/ks/sound"box","next","mix","six","Fox"inthemiddleorendoftheword

Xsometimessounds"/gz/"inthemiddleoftheword"exit","exam","exact"

Xsendsthe/z/sound"xylophone"atthestartoftheword"Xerox"

YYispronouncedasconsonants,yes,you,yard,year,yellintheactuallocationoftheword

Yisusedasavowelinthemiddleorattheendofawordorsyllable

Yattheend,whenthewordhasonlyonesyllable,theYmakesalong/i/sound,

Yattheend,whenthewordhastwoormoresyllables,theYislong/e/

Ymakesshort/i/soundsinthemiddleofwordsorsyllables

Smalltest:

my,cry,fly,sky

Baby,happy,puppy,hurry

Gym,nymph

Thebasicrulesandtricksofphonics（two）

Phonicstwo

Thepronunciationofconsonantcombinationsissimple,thatis,tolinkeachconsonant'spronunciationtogether.Whyshouldtheyseparate,oneimportantreasonisthateachconsonantcombinationisviewedasawhole,whensyllabicationiscannotseparatetheseconsonantcombinat