第三套 12大学英语六级.docx

第三套 12大学英语六级.docx

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第三套12大学英语六级

2013年12月大学英语六级考试真题（第3套）

PartIII　ReadingComprehension（40minutes）

SectionA

Directions:

Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Cellphonesprovideinstantaccesstopeople.Theyarecreatingamajor36inthesocialexperiencesofbothchildrenandadolescents.InonerecentU.S.survey,abouthalftheteenspolledsaidthattheircellphonehad37theircommunicationwithfriends.Almostallsaidthattheircellphonewasthewaytheystayedintouchwithpeers,one-thirdhadusedthecellphonetohelpapeerinneed,andabout80%saidthephonemadethemfeelsafer.TeenagersinAustralia,38,saidthattheirmobilephonesprovidednumerousbenefitsandwerean39partoftheirlives;somewereso40totheirphonesthattheresearchersconsidereditanaddiction.InJapan,too,researchersareconcernedaboutcellphoneaddiction.ResearchersinonestudyinTokyofoundthatmorethanhalfofjuniorhighschoolstudentsusedtheirphonestoexchangee-mailswithschoolmatesmorethan10timesaday.

Cellphones41socialconnectionswithpeersacrosstimeandspace.Theyallowyoungpeopletoexchangemoment-by-momentexperiencesintheirdailyliveswithspecialpartnersandthustohaveamore42senseofconnectionwithfriends.Cellphonesalsocan43socialtolerancebecausetheyreducechildren'sinteractionswithotherswhoaredifferentfromthem.Inadditiontoconnectingpeers,cellphonesconnectchildrenandparents.ResearchersstudyingteenagersinIsraelconcludedthat,inthat44environment,mobilephoneswereregardedas"securityobjects"inparent-teenrelationships―importantbecausetheyprovidedthepossibilityof45andcommunicationatalltimes.

注意：

此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答

A）affiliated

B）attached

C）contact

D）contend

E）continuous

F）diminish

G）endurance

H）foster

I）hazardous

J）improved

K）instantaneous

L）intrinsic

M）relatively

N）shift

O）similarly

SectionB

Directions:

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsmarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

WasteNot,WantNot

Feedingthe9Billion:

TheTragedyofWaste

[A]By2075,theUnitedNations'mid-rangeprojectionforglobalpopulationisabout9.5billion.Thismeansthattherecouldbeanextrathreebillionmouthstofeedbytheendofthecentury,aperiodinwhichsubstantialchangesareanticipatedinthewealth,calorieintakeanddietarypreferencesofpeopleindevelopingcountriesacrosstheworld.Suchaprojectionpresentsmankindwithwide-rangingsocial,economic,environmentalandpoliticalissuesthatneedtobeaddressedtodaytoensureasustainablefutureforall.Onekeyissueishowtoproducemorefoodinaworldoffiniteresources.

[B]Today,weproduceaboutfourbillionmetrictonnesoffoodperyear.Yetduetopoorpracticesinharvesting,storageandtransportation,aswellasmarketandconsumerwastage,itisestimatedthat30-50%ofallfoodproducedneverreachesahumanstomach.Furthermore,thisfiguredoesnotreflectthefactthatlargeamountsofland,energy,fertilisersandwaterhavealsobeenlostintheproductionoffoodstuffswhichsimplyendupaswaste.Thislevelofwastageisatragedythatcannotcontinueifwearetosucceedinthechallengeofsustainablymeetingourfuturefooddemands.|

WhereFoodWasteHappens

[C]In2010,theInstitutionofMechanicalEngineersidentifiedthreeprincipalemergingpopulationgroupsacrosstheworld,basedoncharacteristicsassociatedwiththeircurrentandprojectedstageofeconomicdevelopment.

•Fullydeveloped,mature,post-industrialsocieties,suchasthoseinEurope,characterisedbystableordecliningpopulationswhichareincreasinginage.

•Late-stagedevelopingnationsthatarecurrentlyindustrialisingrapidly,forexampleChina,whichwillexperiencedecliningratesofpopulationgrowth,coupledwithincreasingaffluence（富裕）andageprofile.

•Newlydevelopingcountriesthatarebeginningtoindustrialise,primarilyinAfrica,withhightoveryhighpopulationgrowthrates,andcharacterisedbyapredominantlyyoungageprofile.

[D]Eachgroupoverthecomingdecadeswillneedtoaddressdifferentissuessurroundingfoodproduction,storageandtransportation,aswellasconsumerexpectations,ifwearetocontinuetofeedallourpeople.

[E]Inless-developedcountries,suchasthoseofsub-SaharanAfricaandSouth-EastAsia,wastagetendstooccurprimarilyatthefarmer-producerendofthesupplychain.Inefficientharvesting,inadequatelocaltransportationandpoorinfrastructure（基础设施）meanthatproduceisfrequentlyhandledinappropriatelyandstoredunderunsuitablefarmsiteconditions.

[F]Inmature,fullydevelopedcountriessuchastheUK,more-efficientfarmingpracticesandbettertransport,storageandprocessingfacilitiesensurethatalargerproportionofthefoodproducedreachesmarketsandconsumers.However,characteristicsassociatedwithmodernconsumerculturemeanproduceisoftenwastedthroughretailandcustomerbehaviour.

[G]Majorsupermarkets,inmeetingconsumerexpectations,willoftenrejectentirecropsofperfectlyediblefruitandvegetablesatthefarmbecausetheydonotmeetexactingmarketingstandardsfortheirphysicalcharacteristics,suchassizeandappearance.

[H]Oftheproducethatdoesappearinthesupermarket,commonlyusedsalespromotionsfrequentlyencouragecustomerstopurchaseexcessivequantitieswhich,inthecaseofperishablefoodstuffs,inevitablygeneratewastageinthehome.Overallbetween30%and50%ofwhathasbeenboughtindevelopedcountriesisthrownawaybythepurchaser.

BetterUseofOurFiniteResources

[I]Wastingfoodmeanslosingnotonlylife-supportingnutritionbutalsopreciousresources,includingland,waterandenergy.Asaglobalsociety,therefore,tacklingfoodwastewillhelpcontributetowardsaddressinganumberofkeyresourceissues.

[J]LandUsage:

Overthelastfivedecades,improvedfarmingtechniquesandtechnologieshavehelpedtosignificantlyincreasecropyieldsalongwitha12%expansionoffarmedlanduse.However,afurtherincreaseinfarmingareawithoutimpactingunfavourablyonwhatremainsoftheworld'snaturalecosystemsappearsunlikely.Thechallengeisthatanincreaseinanimal-basedproductionwillrequiremorelandandresources,aslivestock（牲畜）farmingdemandsextensivelanduse.

[K]WaterUsage:

Overthepastcentury,humanuseoffreshwaterhasincreasedatmorethandoubletherateofpopulationgrowth.Currentlyabout3.8trillionm3ofwaterisusedbyhumansperyear.About70%ofthisisconsumedbytheglobalagriculturesector,andthelevelofusewillcontinuetoriseoverthecomingdecades.

[L]Betterirrigationcandramaticallyimprovecropyieldandabout40%oftheworld'sfoodsupplyiscurrentlyderivedfromirrigatedland.However,waterusedinirrigationisoftensourcedunsustainably.Inprocessingfoodsaftertheagriculturalstage,therearelargeadditionalusesofwaterthatneedtobetackledinaworldofgrowingdemand.Thisisparticularlycrucialinthecaseofmeatproduction,wherebeefusesabout50timesmorewaterthanvegetables.Inthefuture,moreeffectivewashingtechniques,managementprocedures,andrecyclingandpurificationofwaterwillbeneededtoreducewastage.

[M]EnergyUsage:

Energyisanessentialresourceacrosstheentirefoodproductioncycle,withestimatesshowinganaverageof7-10caloriesofinputbeingrequiredintheproductionofonecalorieoffood.Thisvariesdramaticallydependingoncrop,fromthreecaloriesforplantcropsto35caloriesintheproductionofbeef.Sincemuchofthisenergycomesfromtheutilisationoffossilfuels,wastageoffoodpotentiallycontributestounnecessaryglobalwarmingaswellasinefficientresourceutilisation.

[N]Inthemodemindustrialisedagriculturalprocess—whichdevelopingnationsaremovingtowardsinordertoincreasefutureyields—energyusageinthemakingandapplicationoffertilisersandpesticidesrepresentsthesinglebiggestcomponent.Wheatproductiontakes50%ofitsenergyinputforthesetwoitemsalone.Indeed,onaglobalscale,fertilisermanufacturingconsumesabout3-5%oftheworld'sannualnaturalgassupply.Withproductionanticipatedtoincreaseby25%betweennowand2030,sustainableenergysourcingwillbecomeanincreasinglymajorissue.Energytopowermachinery,bothonthefarmandinthestorageandprocessingfacilities,addstotheenergytotal,whichcurrentlyrepresentsabout3.1%ofannualglobalenergyconsumption.

Recommendations

[O]Risingpopulationcombinedwithimprovednutritionstandardsandshiftingdietarypreferenceswillexertpressureforincreasesinglobalfoodsupply.Engineers,scientistsandagriculturalistshavetheknowledge,toolsandsystemsthatwillassistinachievingproductivityincreases.However,pressurewillgrowonfiniteresourcesofland,energyandwater.Thepotentialtoprovide60-100%morefoodbysimplyeliminatinglosses,whilesimultaneouslyfreeingupland,energyandwaterresourcesforoth