world English 英语世界是blessing还是curse.docx

world English 英语世界是blessing还是curse.docx

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worldEnglish英语世界是blessing还是curse

Prof.em.Dr.JürgenStolzenberg（Halle）

MartinHeideggerreadsFichte

“AtthepresentmomentIamlecturingonFichte,HegelandSchellingforthefirsttime–andoncemoreanewworldopensupbeforeme.Itisthesameoldexperience:

otherpeoplecannotdoyourreadingforyou.”ThesearethewordswrittenbyHeideggertoKarlJaspersinaletterdated25thJune,1929.HowdidHeideggerreadFichte?

Whatkindofworldopenedupbeforehim?

Heidegger,whileexaminingFichte,alwayshadBeingandTimebeforehiseyes.Whenhesaysthatatthistimeheperceivedawholenewworld,thisdoesnotmeanthatanewrealmofthoughtwasopeneduptohim,arival,asitwere,tohisownconvictions.ItrathermeansthatHeideggerbecameawareoftheoriginalqualityofFichte’sphilosophyinrelationtohisowntheoryinBeingandTime.Heidegger’sstudyofFichteisseentobeanattempttogetthefollowingtwodifferentthingsintoasolid,rationalrelationship-congenialityandclosenessontheonehand,distanceandcritiqueontheother.HereHeidegger’spresentationofFichte’sphilosophytakesonacertainsystematicurgencythroughthediscoveryofdiscrepancieswhichthemselvesallowFichte’sindividualconceptiontorevealitself.InHeidegger’sview,however,thecharacteristicsofthisconceptionbecomelimitationswhichmustbesurmountedandovercomeinthedirectionofananalysisofexistence（Dasein）.Heidegger’sreadingofFichteappearsthusinadoublehermeneuticperspective:

WehavehereanattemptonHeidegger’sparttogiveFichte’sviewitsownduepreciselywiththeaimofemphasisingandunderliningthejustnessofhisownclaims.

InHeidegger’slettertoJasperswecannotdenythetoneofastonishmentatallthethingswhichbecamecleartohiminthecourseofhisworkontheidealismlectures.Here,inrelationtoFichte,wecanpointtotheconceptoftheegoas“Tathandlung”（fact/act）,Fichte’stheoryoftheticjudgmentandthegroundingofthefinitenatureoftheegointhesecondandthirdprinciples.InadditionwehaveFichte’stheoryofimaginationwheretheproblemoftherelationshipbetweenexistence（Dasein）andtemporalityinBeingandTimeisannouncedasitwereina“flickerofsummerlightning”.Strictlyrejected,ontheotherhand,arethetechnicalaspectsofdeductionandthesystemcharacterofFichte’sDoctrineofScientificKnowledge.OncetheconstraintsofsystemhavebeenlaidasideandthecontentofFichte’sconceptof”Tathandlung”,thesystematicsoftheprinciplesandthetheoryofimaginationhavebeengrasped,HeideggerseesaperspectiveopeningupwhichhasitsvanishingpointintheconceptionofBeingandTime.ThisisHeidegger’sreadingofFichte.

Whatarewetomakeofthis?

IsHeidegger’sinterpretationofFichteconvincing?

Toputthequestionmoreprecisely:

IsHeidegger’sinterpretationofFichteconvincingindependentlyoftheassumedtruthofthepositionadoptedinBeingandTime?

Isthereperhapssome“violation”hereatwork–asHeideggerhimselfadmittedwithregardtohisKantinterpretation?

Arewefacedhereinthelastinstancewith“misconceptionsandomissions”,too?

I.

Heideggerdidnotsparehisaudience.“Theonlypossibleway”hecouldseeofgaininganadequateunderstandingofFichte’stopicanditsproblemswasto“thinkthrough[theDoctrineofScientificKnowledge）]intotostepbystep”.AndindeedHeideggerpursuesFichte’strainofthoughtwithanexactitudeandperspicacitywhichimpressesusanddemandsourrespect.ThefirstanddecisivepointisHeidegger’sinterpretationofthefirstprincipleofFichte’sDoctrineofScience,thestatement“Iam”.ThiswecanuseasamodeltopresentandevaluatethedoublehermeneuticperspectiveinwhichHeideggerreadFichte.

Firstofallwehavetobearthefollowingpointsinmind.In§1oftheFoundationoftheEntireDoctrineofScientificKnowledgeFichteintroducesthestatement“Iam”inthecourseofareflectionontheconditionsunderwhichanunquestionablecertaintyexiststhatthestatement“AisA”isatruestatement.OneoftheessentialstepsinthisreflectionisFichte’sindicationoftheconnectionbetweentheidentityofAinthejudgment“AisA”andtheconsciousnessoftheidentityofthejudgingsubjectinitsrelationshiptoAbothinsubjectandinpredicateposition,thelatterbeing“united”inthejudgment.TheproximitytoKant’ssynthesistheoryisquiteevidenthere.Thisconsciousnessoftheidentityoftheegoisexpressedinthestatement“IamI”.Sincethenormalusageoftheword“I”impliesarelationshiptosomethingreal,theconsciousnessoftheidentityofthejudgingsubjectdirectlyimpliestheideaofitsreality.Thisisexpressedinthestatement“Iam.”

ThedecisivestepliesinFichte’sthesisthatthestatement“Iam”istheexpressionofa“Tathandlung”（fact/act）.TheargumentforthisthesisisderivedbyFichtefirstlyfromthestatusclaimofthestatement“Iam”（weneednotgointothismoredeeplyhere）tobethehighestandunconditionalconditionofalljudging;andsecondlyfromtheaction-orientatedinterpretationofajudgment.Sincejudgingistheexpressionofamentalactivityandsincethejudgment“Iam”isthehighestandunconditionalconditionofalljudging,thereisatthebasisofthejudgment“Iam”anactionwhichhasthesolefunctiontoproduceinaperformativewaytherealityofthatwhichisimpliedinthethought“I”.Inthiswaytherealityoftheegocanbedescribedasanactionwhichisinnowayindependentoftheactivityinthecourseofwhichitisrealisedandtakesshape.Thisstrictlyfunctionalconnectionofactivityandactioninthethought“I”isexpressedbythefamousconcept“Tathandlung”（fact/act）.Heideggergivesthiscarefulconsideration.Heemphasisesthepeculiarmannerofbeingwhichtheegohasandwhichmaybedescribed（usingFichte’swords）as“self-positing”.”Theessenceofbeingofthisbeingofthecharacteroftheegoisself-positing.”ThisdefineswhatHeideggercalls“aself”.Beingaselfmeansbeingthebasisofone’sownreality.

IfonecomparesthispresentationofFichte’sconceptoftheegowithHeidegger’scommentariesonthemoderntheoryofsubjectivity,e.g.inthelecturesonTheFundamentalProblemsofPhenomenology（1927）,onemaybejustifiedinspeakingofarevisionofhiscriticalassessmentinthisrespect.Whileinthoselectureshetalkedof“anindifferentcharacterisatonofthesubjectassomethingpresent”,wemustconcludethatHeideggerhasrevisedthisthesiswithregardtoFichte.

TherealconfrontationwithFichte,however,istobefoundinwhattheeditorcallsa“parentheticalconsiderationofthe‘Iam’”.ThistakesupHeidegger’sdiscussionofthesecondandthirdprinciplesoftheDoctrineofScientificKnowledge.Theessentialcharacteristicsofthesemustnowbepresented.

III

HereonemayadmireHeidegger’shermeneuticsubtletyinusingcarefulaccentuationtomakevisiblewhataccordingtoHeidiggershouldbevisible.ThisisFichte’sclaimofthelogicallynotdeduciblestructureofthefinitequalityoftheego.Here,accordingtoHeidegger,liestherealpointwithinthesystematicsoftheprinciples.Moreprecisely,itisthepartialindeducibility（concededbyFichte）ofthetwoothermannersofactionoftheego:

theactionofpositinganon-egoinoppositioninthesecondprincipleandtheactionoflimitinginthethird.Asiswell-known,itisFichte’sthesisthatthesecondactionasactionisnotdeduciblefromthefirstprinciple.If,however,itisdeployed–asisnecessarywhenonetakesaspointofdepartureadifferentfact,thetruthofthestatement“-Anot=A”anditsanalysis-,thenitmustbeunderstoodasanactofopposing,whereinthefirstactiontheself-positingoftheegoisassumed.Thenecessityofathirdaction,however,istobeexplainedonthebasisofthecontradictorysituationbetweenthefirstandsecondprinciple;butthisdoesnotholdgoodforitscontent.Thethirdaction,theactionoflimitation,isduetowhatFichtecallsanunconditional“MachtspruchderVernunft”（claimtopoweronthepartofreason）.ThismaybeunderstoodasFichtehavingrecoursetotheassumedrepertoireofthementalactivitiesoftheego,motivatedbyadesiretoavoidcontradiction;amongthesetheactionoflimitationistobefound.Bothmannersofaction,boththeopposingandthelimiting,providethebasisforthefinitecharacteroftheego.“Theessenceofpositing–andsoalsoofego-ness–isfiniteness”.WiththesewordsHeideggersummariseshisdiscussionofthethreeprinciples.

However,itisnotsomuchtheformalcharacteroffinitenesswhichHeideggerwishestodrawourattentionto.Whatisofsystematicimportanceforhimisaboveallthesignificancewhichtheactionofopposinghasfortheego.Thisliesinprovidingthestructuralpossibilitybymeansofwhichahorizonofaworldisopenedupfortheego.Theconceptofworld,whichHeideggeridentifiesasFichte’sconceptofthenon-ego,hasthusitssenseandmeaningonlyinrelationtotheoriginalpositingfunctionoftheego.Inthis,accordingtoHeidegger,onemustagreewithFichte:

Thesphereofthenon-ego,theworld,ismerelyafunctionoftheegoand,tobemoreprecise,ofthefiniteego..ThesecondpointinwhichonemustagreewithFichteisthefactthattheactionwhichopensupthehorizonofaworldfortheegoisnotdeduciblefromtheconceptoftheself-positingego.Inactualfact,ithasthesameoriginalqualityasthatconcept.

Thisistrue,too,ofthethirdmannerofaction,theactionoflimitation.Thisconceptcannotbelogicallydeducedeither,butisdue–asHeideggeremphasisesalongwithFichte–totheabo