world English 英语世界是blessing还是curse.docx
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worldEnglish英语世界是blessing还是curse
Prof.em.Dr.JürgenStolzenberg(Halle)
MartinHeideggerreadsFichte
“AtthepresentmomentIamlecturingonFichte,HegelandSchellingforthefirsttime–andoncemoreanewworldopensupbeforeme.Itisthesameoldexperience:
otherpeoplecannotdoyourreadingforyou.”ThesearethewordswrittenbyHeideggertoKarlJaspersinaletterdated25thJune,1929.HowdidHeideggerreadFichte?
Whatkindofworldopenedupbeforehim?
Heidegger,whileexaminingFichte,alwayshadBeingandTimebeforehiseyes.Whenhesaysthatatthistimeheperceivedawholenewworld,thisdoesnotmeanthatanewrealmofthoughtwasopeneduptohim,arival,asitwere,tohisownconvictions.ItrathermeansthatHeideggerbecameawareoftheoriginalqualityofFichte’sphilosophyinrelationtohisowntheoryinBeingandTime.Heidegger’sstudyofFichteisseentobeanattempttogetthefollowingtwodifferentthingsintoasolid,rationalrelationship-congenialityandclosenessontheonehand,distanceandcritiqueontheother.HereHeidegger’spresentationofFichte’sphilosophytakesonacertainsystematicurgencythroughthediscoveryofdiscrepancieswhichthemselvesallowFichte’sindividualconceptiontorevealitself.InHeidegger’sview,however,thecharacteristicsofthisconceptionbecomelimitationswhichmustbesurmountedandovercomeinthedirectionofananalysisofexistence(Dasein).Heidegger’sreadingofFichteappearsthusinadoublehermeneuticperspective:
WehavehereanattemptonHeidegger’sparttogiveFichte’sviewitsownduepreciselywiththeaimofemphasisingandunderliningthejustnessofhisownclaims.
InHeidegger’slettertoJasperswecannotdenythetoneofastonishmentatallthethingswhichbecamecleartohiminthecourseofhisworkontheidealismlectures.Here,inrelationtoFichte,wecanpointtotheconceptoftheegoas“Tathandlung”(fact/act),Fichte’stheoryoftheticjudgmentandthegroundingofthefinitenatureoftheegointhesecondandthirdprinciples.InadditionwehaveFichte’stheoryofimaginationwheretheproblemoftherelationshipbetweenexistence(Dasein)andtemporalityinBeingandTimeisannouncedasitwereina“flickerofsummerlightning”.Strictlyrejected,ontheotherhand,arethetechnicalaspectsofdeductionandthesystemcharacterofFichte’sDoctrineofScientificKnowledge.OncetheconstraintsofsystemhavebeenlaidasideandthecontentofFichte’sconceptof”Tathandlung”,thesystematicsoftheprinciplesandthetheoryofimaginationhavebeengrasped,HeideggerseesaperspectiveopeningupwhichhasitsvanishingpointintheconceptionofBeingandTime.ThisisHeidegger’sreadingofFichte.
Whatarewetomakeofthis?
IsHeidegger’sinterpretationofFichteconvincing?
Toputthequestionmoreprecisely:
IsHeidegger’sinterpretationofFichteconvincingindependentlyoftheassumedtruthofthepositionadoptedinBeingandTime?
Isthereperhapssome“violation”hereatwork–asHeideggerhimselfadmittedwithregardtohisKantinterpretation?
Arewefacedhereinthelastinstancewith“misconceptionsandomissions”,too?
I.
Heideggerdidnotsparehisaudience.“Theonlypossibleway”hecouldseeofgaininganadequateunderstandingofFichte’stopicanditsproblemswasto“thinkthrough[theDoctrineofScientificKnowledge)]intotostepbystep”.AndindeedHeideggerpursuesFichte’strainofthoughtwithanexactitudeandperspicacitywhichimpressesusanddemandsourrespect.ThefirstanddecisivepointisHeidegger’sinterpretationofthefirstprincipleofFichte’sDoctrineofScience,thestatement“Iam”.ThiswecanuseasamodeltopresentandevaluatethedoublehermeneuticperspectiveinwhichHeideggerreadFichte.
Firstofallwehavetobearthefollowingpointsinmind.In§1oftheFoundationoftheEntireDoctrineofScientificKnowledgeFichteintroducesthestatement“Iam”inthecourseofareflectionontheconditionsunderwhichanunquestionablecertaintyexiststhatthestatement“AisA”isatruestatement.OneoftheessentialstepsinthisreflectionisFichte’sindicationoftheconnectionbetweentheidentityofAinthejudgment“AisA”andtheconsciousnessoftheidentityofthejudgingsubjectinitsrelationshiptoAbothinsubjectandinpredicateposition,thelatterbeing“united”inthejudgment.TheproximitytoKant’ssynthesistheoryisquiteevidenthere.Thisconsciousnessoftheidentityoftheegoisexpressedinthestatement“IamI”.Sincethenormalusageoftheword“I”impliesarelationshiptosomethingreal,theconsciousnessoftheidentityofthejudgingsubjectdirectlyimpliestheideaofitsreality.Thisisexpressedinthestatement“Iam.”
ThedecisivestepliesinFichte’sthesisthatthestatement“Iam”istheexpressionofa“Tathandlung”(fact/act).TheargumentforthisthesisisderivedbyFichtefirstlyfromthestatusclaimofthestatement“Iam”(weneednotgointothismoredeeplyhere)tobethehighestandunconditionalconditionofalljudging;andsecondlyfromtheaction-orientatedinterpretationofajudgment.Sincejudgingistheexpressionofamentalactivityandsincethejudgment“Iam”isthehighestandunconditionalconditionofalljudging,thereisatthebasisofthejudgment“Iam”anactionwhichhasthesolefunctiontoproduceinaperformativewaytherealityofthatwhichisimpliedinthethought“I”.Inthiswaytherealityoftheegocanbedescribedasanactionwhichisinnowayindependentoftheactivityinthecourseofwhichitisrealisedandtakesshape.Thisstrictlyfunctionalconnectionofactivityandactioninthethought“I”isexpressedbythefamousconcept“Tathandlung”(fact/act).Heideggergivesthiscarefulconsideration.Heemphasisesthepeculiarmannerofbeingwhichtheegohasandwhichmaybedescribed(usingFichte’swords)as“self-positing”.”Theessenceofbeingofthisbeingofthecharacteroftheegoisself-positing.”ThisdefineswhatHeideggercalls“aself”.Beingaselfmeansbeingthebasisofone’sownreality.
IfonecomparesthispresentationofFichte’sconceptoftheegowithHeidegger’scommentariesonthemoderntheoryofsubjectivity,e.g.inthelecturesonTheFundamentalProblemsofPhenomenology(1927),onemaybejustifiedinspeakingofarevisionofhiscriticalassessmentinthisrespect.Whileinthoselectureshetalkedof“anindifferentcharacterisatonofthesubjectassomethingpresent”,wemustconcludethatHeideggerhasrevisedthisthesiswithregardtoFichte.
TherealconfrontationwithFichte,however,istobefoundinwhattheeditorcallsa“parentheticalconsiderationofthe‘Iam’”.ThistakesupHeidegger’sdiscussionofthesecondandthirdprinciplesoftheDoctrineofScientificKnowledge.Theessentialcharacteristicsofthesemustnowbepresented.
III
HereonemayadmireHeidegger’shermeneuticsubtletyinusingcarefulaccentuationtomakevisiblewhataccordingtoHeidiggershouldbevisible.ThisisFichte’sclaimofthelogicallynotdeduciblestructureofthefinitequalityoftheego.Here,accordingtoHeidegger,liestherealpointwithinthesystematicsoftheprinciples.Moreprecisely,itisthepartialindeducibility(concededbyFichte)ofthetwoothermannersofactionoftheego:
theactionofpositinganon-egoinoppositioninthesecondprincipleandtheactionoflimitinginthethird.Asiswell-known,itisFichte’sthesisthatthesecondactionasactionisnotdeduciblefromthefirstprinciple.If,however,itisdeployed–asisnecessarywhenonetakesaspointofdepartureadifferentfact,thetruthofthestatement“-Anot=A”anditsanalysis-,thenitmustbeunderstoodasanactofopposing,whereinthefirstactiontheself-positingoftheegoisassumed.Thenecessityofathirdaction,however,istobeexplainedonthebasisofthecontradictorysituationbetweenthefirstandsecondprinciple;butthisdoesnotholdgoodforitscontent.Thethirdaction,theactionoflimitation,isduetowhatFichtecallsanunconditional“MachtspruchderVernunft”(claimtopoweronthepartofreason).ThismaybeunderstoodasFichtehavingrecoursetotheassumedrepertoireofthementalactivitiesoftheego,motivatedbyadesiretoavoidcontradiction;amongthesetheactionoflimitationistobefound.Bothmannersofaction,boththeopposingandthelimiting,providethebasisforthefinitecharacteroftheego.“Theessenceofpositing–andsoalsoofego-ness–isfiniteness”.WiththesewordsHeideggersummariseshisdiscussionofthethreeprinciples.
However,itisnotsomuchtheformalcharacteroffinitenesswhichHeideggerwishestodrawourattentionto.Whatisofsystematicimportanceforhimisaboveallthesignificancewhichtheactionofopposinghasfortheego.Thisliesinprovidingthestructuralpossibilitybymeansofwhichahorizonofaworldisopenedupfortheego.Theconceptofworld,whichHeideggeridentifiesasFichte’sconceptofthenon-ego,hasthusitssenseandmeaningonlyinrelationtotheoriginalpositingfunctionoftheego.Inthis,accordingtoHeidegger,onemustagreewithFichte:
Thesphereofthenon-ego,theworld,ismerelyafunctionoftheegoand,tobemoreprecise,ofthefiniteego..ThesecondpointinwhichonemustagreewithFichteisthefactthattheactionwhichopensupthehorizonofaworldfortheegoisnotdeduciblefromtheconceptoftheself-positingego.Inactualfact,ithasthesameoriginalqualityasthatconcept.
Thisistrue,too,ofthethirdmannerofaction,theactionoflimitation.Thisconceptcannotbelogicallydeducedeither,butisdue–asHeideggeremphasisesalongwithFichte–totheabo