语言学概论期末复习男神版.docx

语言学概论期末复习男神版.docx

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语言学概论期末复习男神版

语言学概论

Chapter1

InvitationstoLinguistics

1.Whatislanguage

SensesoflanguageinWebster’sNewWorldDictionary（ourbook,p.2）“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.“（Wardaugh）

2.Designfeaturesoflanguage语言设计特征

1.arbitrariness（任意性）2.duality（双重性）

3.Creativity（创造性）orproductivity4.displacement（移位性）

5.interchangeability（互换性）6.specialization（专业化）

7.culturaltransmission（文化传承）

3.FunctionsofLanguage（语言功能）

Jakobson’sview:

（情感功能）（指代功能）（诗学功能）（寒暄功能）（元语言）（意动功能）

Halliday’sview:

1.ideationalfunction（概念功能）2.Interpersonalfunction（人际功能）3.Textualfunction（语篇功能）

Functionsonthebook:

（告知性的）Function（人际功能）（行事功能）FunctionCommunion（寒暄功能）Function（娱乐功能）Function（元语言功能）

4．WhatIsLinguistics

•Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguageorthescienceoflanguage.

•1）Exhaustiveness（穷尽性）2）Consistency（贯通性）3）Economy（经济性）4）Objectivity（客观性）

vs.performance

言语能力vs.言语行为

•NoamChomskyinhisAspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax.

•Competencereferstoalanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

•Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.

Chapter2

Speechsounds

1.Consonantsandvowels

Distinctionbetweenconsonantsandvowels:

theobstruction（阻塞）ofairstream

2.Minimalpairsandminimalsets（最小对立体）

①Whentwowordsareidenticalineverywayexceptforacontrastinonesoundsegmentoccurringinthesamepositioninthestring,thetwowordsarecalledaminimalpair最小对立体.

:

pitandbitjunkandchunk

banandbinbetandbat

②Aminimalpairshouldfollowthreeconditions:

1）theyaredifferentinmeaning;2）theydifferonlyinonesoundsegment;3）thedifferentsoundsoccurinthesamepositioninthestrings.

Chapter3

Frommorphemetophrase

1.Root&affix

Root词根:

morphemewhichisthebasicpartofaword.（Occuronitsown、maybejoinedtootherroots、ortakeaffixes（manly,coldness）orcombiningforms（biochemistry）

2Itisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.

3．Allwordscontainarootmorpheme

Affix词缀:

letterorsound,orgroupoflettersorsounds（=amorpheme）,whichisaddedtoaword,andwhichchangesthemeaningorfunctionoftheword.（Prefix前缀,Suffix后缀，infix中缀：

feet，geese）

2.inflectionalaffix曲折词缀andderivationalaffix派生词缀

Chapter5

Meaning

1.TheReferentialTheory（所指理论）

①Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.

②Reference所指referstotherelationshipbetweenawordandtheobjectitdenotesinthephysicalworld,.denotation外延inphilosophy.

③Isaverypopulartheory（semantictrianglebyOgdenandRichardsinMeaningofMeaning）

④Problemswiththistheory：

Noteverywordhasareference所指.

2.Senserelations意义关系

Sensemaybedefinedasthesemanticrelationsbetweenonewordandanother,ormoregenerallybetweenonelinguisticunitandanother.

*distinctionsbetweensenseandreference:

Thedistinctionbetweensenseandreferenceiscomparabletothatbetweenconnotationanddenotationinphilosophy

1Theformerreferstotheabstractpropertiesofanentity,whilethelatterreferstotheconcreteentitieshavingtheseproperties.

2Everywordhasasense,butnoteverywordhasareference.

3Referenceinitswidersensewouldbetherelationshipbetweenawordorphraseandanentityintheexternalworld.

4Sosenseisintra-linguisticandreferenceisextra-llinguistic

3.3kindsofsenserelations:

Synonymy（同义关系）

Semanticrelationofsamenessorsimilarityinmeaningoftwoormorelinguisticexpressions.（absolutesynonyms绝对同义词、relativesynonyms相对同义词、Stylisticsynonyms文体同义词、Emotivesynonyms情感同义词、Collocationalsynonyms：

搭配同义词）

Antonymy（反义关系）

·Relationofsemanticopposition.

·threemainsub-types：

1）Gradableantonymy（等级反义关系）：

Theyaregradable;thedenialofoneisnotnecessarilytheassertionoftheother.Thereisanintermediategroundbetweenthetwo.（hot\coldwarm\cooltall\shortbig\small）

2Complementaryantonymy（互补反义关系）

Themembersofapairinthistypearecomplementarytoeachother.Thereisnointermediategroundbetweenthetwo.（alive\deadodd\evensingle\marriedmale\femalepass\failhit\miss）

3Converseantonymy（相反反义关系）

Themembersofapairinthistypeshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities.Theyarealsoknownasrelationalopposites.Therearealwaystwoentitiesinvolved.Onepresupposestheother.（buy\sellgive\receivehusband\wifeteacher\studentabove\belowbefore\after）

Hyponymy（上下义关系）

Arelationshipbetweentwowords,inwhichthemeaningofoneofthewordsincludesthemeaningoftheotherword.

Sometimesasuperordinatemaybeasuperordinatetoitself.

Asuperordinatemaybemissingsometimes.（redgreenyellow）

Hyponymsmayalsobemissing.（unclerice）

4.Componentialanalysis（成分分析）

Componentialanalysis:

（insemantics）anapproachtothestudyofmeaningwhichanalysesawordintoasetofmeaningcomponentsorsemanticfeatures.

Usually,componentialanalysisisappliedtoagroupofrelatedwordswhichmaydifferfromoneanotheronlybyoneortwocomponents.

Semanticfeatures语义特征orsemanticcomponentsarethebasicunitofmeaninginaword.Themeaningsofwordsmaybedescribedasacombinationofsemanticfeatures.

5.Anintegratedtheory（整体理论）

Theideathatthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombinedisusuallyknownastheprincipleofcompositionality（复合性原则）

adictionary

asemantictheory

asetofprojectionrules投射规则

Thedictionaryprovidesthegrammaticalclassificationandsemanticinformationofwords.

Theprojectionrulesareresponsibleforcombiningthemeaningsofwordstogether.

Chapter6

Languageandcognition

iscognition

Twodefinitionsaboutcognition:

1Inpsychologyitreferstothementalprocessesofanindividualwithparticularrelationtotheviewthatarguesthatthemindhasinternalstates（beliefs,desires,andintentions）andcanbeunderstoodintermsofinformationprocessing.

2Mentalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingaspectssuchasawareness,perception,reasoning,andjudgement.

2.Whatispsycholinguistics（心理语言学）

Definition：

isthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguages;itusuallystudiesthepsychologicalstatesandmentalactivityassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.

6subjectsofresearchwithinpsycholinguistics:

Acquisition（语言习得）Comprehension（语言理解）Languageandthought

Production（语言产出）Disorders（语言无序性）Neurocognition

3.WhatisCognitiveLinguistics

Definition:

isanewlyestablishedapproachtothestudyoflanguage.

Chapter7

Language,cultureandSociety

1.LanguageandCulture

1Whatisculture:

Culture,inabroadsense,meansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.

Inanarrowsense,culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodcultureetc.

2Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture

Alanguagenotonlyexpressesfacts,ideas,oreventswhichrepresentsimilarworldknowledgebyitspeople,butalsoreflectsthepeople’sattitudes,beliefs,worldoutlooksetc.Inaword,languageexpressesculturalreality.

2.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设）

SapirandWhorfbelievethatlanguagefilterspeople’sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences.ThisinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisnowknownasSapir-WhorfHypothesis.

Thishypothesisprimarilysuggeststhatourlanguagewillmouldourviewoftheworld.

Butfewpeoplewouldtendtoaccepttheoriginalforthistheory.Thus,twoversions,strongversionandweakversionhavebeendeveloped.

thestrongversion:

thelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople’sthinkingandbehavior.

theweakversion:

theformerinfluencesthelatter.

3.Languageandsociety

1Definitionofsociolinguistics（社会语言学）:

Sociolinguisticsisthesub-fieldoflinguisticsthatstudiestherelationbetweenlanguageandsociety,betweentheusesoflanguageandthesocialstructuresinwhichtheusersoflanguagelive.

2Therelatednessbetweenlanguageandsociety：

1）Whilelanguageisprincipallyusedtocommunicatemeaning,itisalsousedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationships.

2）Usersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.Thekindoflanguageeachofthemchoosestouseisinpartdeterminedbyhissocialbackground.

3）Tosomeextent,language,especiallythestructureofitslexicon,reflectsboththephysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofasociety

4）Judgmentsconcerningthecorrectnessandpurityoflinguisticvarietiesaresocialratherthanlinguistic.

4.Halliday’sregistertheory:

Definitionofregister（语域）:

Thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituationisaregister.

Fieldofdiscourse（语场）referstowhatisgoingon:

totheareaofoperationofthelanguage.

Tenorofdiscourse（语旨）refers“towhomthespeakeriscommunicating”

Modeofdiscourse（语式）mainlyreferstothemeansofcommunication.

Chapter8

Languageinuse

1.WhatisPragmatics

thestudyoflanguageinuse.

2.Speechacttheory

1）Thefirstmajortheoryinthestudyoflanguageinuse,whichoriginatedwiththeOxfordphilosopherJohnLangshawAustin:

HowtoDoThingswithWords

2）Speechact:

anutterance（表达）asafunctionalunitincommunication.Inspeechacttheory,utteranceshavetwokindsofmeaning:

a.propositionalmeaning命题意义（alsoknownaslocutionarymeaning发话意义）

b.illocutionarymeaning行事意义（alsoknownasillo