网络工程外文翻译安卓程序员指南.docx

网络工程外文翻译安卓程序员指南.docx

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网络工程外文翻译安卓程序员指南

毕业论文（设计）

外文翻译

原文来源Android™AProgrammer’sGuide

中文翻译安卓程序员指南

学院数学与计算机科学学院

专业网络工程

姓名

学号200808204105

指导教师

Android™

AProgrammer’sGuide

J.F.DiMarzio

NewYorkChicagoSanFrancisco

LisbonLondonMadridMexicoCity

MilanNewDelhiSanJuan

SeoulSingaporeSydneyToronto

AbouttheAuthor

J.F.DiMarzioisadeveloperwithover15yearsof

experienceinnetworkingandapplicationdevelopment

andistheauthorofsevenbooksoncomputingtechnologies.

HehasbecomealeadingresourceinthefieldsofIT

consultinganddevelopment.HelivesinCentralFlorida.

AbouttheTechnicalEditor

GilbertL.Poloisasoftwaredeveloperwithover20

yearsofexperienceworkinginthetelecommunications,

financial,and,mostrecently,educationalindustries.He

hasprogrammedinvariouslanguagesincludingC,C++,

Java,andC#.

Chapter1

WhatIsAndroid?

KeySkills&Concepts

●Historyofembeddeddeviceprogramming

●ExplanationofOpenHandsetAlliance

●FirstlookattheAndroidhomescreen

Itcanbesaidthat,forawhile,traditionaldesktopapplicationdevelopershavebeenspoiled.Thisisnottosaythattraditionaldesktopapplicationdevelopmentiseasierthanotherformsofdevelopment.However,astraditionaldesktopapplicationdevelopers,wehavehadtheabilitytocreatealmostanykindofapplicationwecanimagine.IamincludingmyselfinthisgroupingbecauseIgotmystartindesktopprogramming.

Oneaspectthathasmadedesktopprogrammingmoreaccessibleisthatwehavehadtheabilitytointeractwiththedesktopoperatingsystem,andthusinteractwithanyunderlyinghardware,prettyfreely（oratleastwithminimalexceptions）.Thiskindoffreedomtoprogramindependently,however,hasneverreallybeenavailabletothesmallgroupofprogrammerswhodaredtoventureintothemurkywatersofcellphonedevelopment.

NOTE

Irefertotwodifferentkindsofdevelopersinthisdiscussion:

traditionaldesktopapplicationdevelopers,whoworkinalmostanylanguageandwhoseendproduct,applications,arebuilttorunonany“desktop”operatingsystem;andAndroiddevelopers,JavadeveloperswhodevelopfortheAndroidplatform.Thisisnotforthepurposesofsayingoneisbyanymeansbetterorworsethantheother.

Rather,thedistinctionismadeforpurposesofcomparingthedevelopmentstylesandtoolsofdesktopoperatingsystemenvironmentstothemobileoperatingsystemenvironment,Android.

BriefHistoryofEmbeddedDeviceProgramming

Foralongtime,cellphonedeveloperscomprisedasmallsectofaslightlylargergroupofdevelopersknownasembeddeddevicedevelopers.Seenasaless“glamorous”siblingtodesktop—andlaterweb—development,embeddeddevicedevelopmenttypicallygottheproverbialshortendofthestickasfarashardwareandoperatingsystemfeatures,becauseembeddeddevicemanufacturerswerenotoriouslystingyonfeaturesupport.Embeddeddevicemanufacturerstypicallyneededtoguardtheirhardwaresecretsclosely,sotheygaveembeddeddevicedevelopersfewlibrariestocallwhentryingtointeractwithaspecificdevice.

Embeddeddevicesdifferfromdesktopsinthatanembeddeddeviceistypicallya“computeronachip.”Forexample,consideryourstandardtelevisionremotecontrol;itisnotreallyseenasanoverwhelmingachievementoftechnologicalcomplexity.Whenanybuttonispressed,achipinterpretsthesignalinawaythathasbeenprogrammedintothedevice.Thisallowsthedevicetoknowwhattoexpectfromtheinputdevice（keypad）,andhowtorespondtothosecommands（forexample,turnonthetelevision）.Thisisasimpleformofembeddeddeviceprogramming.However,believeitornot,simpledevicessuchasthesearedefinitelyrelatedtotherootsofearlycellphonedevicesanddevelopment.

Mostembeddeddevicesran（andinsomecasesstillrun）proprietaryoperatingsystems.Thereasonforchoosingtocreateaproprietaryoperatingsystemratherthanuseanyconsumersystemwasreallyaproductofnecessity.Simpledevicesdidnotneedveryrobustandoptimizedoperatingsystems.

Asaproductofdeviceevolution,manyofthemorecomplexembeddeddevices,suchasearlyPDAs,householdsecuritysystems,andGPSs,movedtosomewhatstandardizedoperatingsystemplatformsaboutfiveyearsago.Small-footprintoperatingsystemssuchasLinux,orevenanembeddedversionofMicrosoftWindows,havebecomemoreprevalentonmanyembeddeddevices.Aroundthistimeindeviceevolution,cellphonesbranchedfromotherembeddeddevicesontotheirownpath.Thisbranchingisevidentwhenyouexaminetheirarchitecture.

Nearlysincetheirinception,cellphoneshavebeenfringedevicesinsofarastheyrunonproprietarysoftware—softwarethatisownedandcontrolledbythemanufacturer,andisalmostalwaysconsideredtobea“closed”system.Thepracticeofmanufacturersusingproprietaryoperatingsystemsbeganmoreoutofnecessitythananyotherreason.Thatis,cellphonemanufacturerstypicallyusedhardwarethatwascompletelydevelopedin-house,oratleasthardwarethatwasspecificallydevelopedforthepurposesofrunningcellphoneequipment.Asaresult,therewerenoopenlyavailable,off-the-shelfsoftwarepackagesorsolutionsthatwouldreliablyinteractwiththeirhardware.Sincethemanufacturersalsowantedtoguardverycloselytheirhardwaretradesecrets,someofwhichcouldberevealedbyallowingaccesstothesoftwarelevelofthedevice,thecommonpracticewas,andinmostcasesstillis,tousecompletelyproprietaryandclosedsoftwaretoruntheirdevices.Thedownsidetothisisthatanyonewhowantedtodevelopapplicationsforcellphonesneededtohaveintimateknowledgeoftheproprietaryenvironmentwithinwhichitwastorun.Thesolutionwastopurchaseexpensivedevelopmenttoolsdirectlyfromthemanufacturer.Thisisolatedmanyofthe“homebrew”developers.

NOTE

Agrowingcultureofhomebrewdevelopershasembracedcellphoneapplicationdevelopment.Theterm“homebrew”referstothefactthatthesedeveloperstypicallydonotworkforacellphonedevelopmentcompanyandgenerallyproducesmall,one-offproductsontheirowntime.

Another,morecompelling“necessity”thatkeptcellphonedevelopmentoutofthehandsoftheeverydaydeveloperwasthehardwaremanufacturers’solutiontothe“memoryversusneed”dilemma.Untilrecently,cellphonesdidlittlemorethanexecuteandreceivephonecalls,trackyourcontacts,andpossiblysendandreceiveshorttextmessages;notreallythe“Swissarmyknives”oftechnologytheyaretoday.Evenaslateas2002,cellphoneswithcameraswerenotcommonlyfoundinthehandsofconsumers.

By1997,smallapplicationssuchascalculatorsandgames（Tetris,forexample）crepttheirwayontocellphones,buttheoverwhelmingfunctionwasstillthatofaphonedialeritself.Cellphoneshadnotyetbecomethemultiuse,multifunctionpersonaltoolstheyaretoday.NooneyetsawtheneedforInternetbrowsing,MP3playing,oranyofthemultitudesoffunctionsweareaccustomedtousingtoday.Itispossiblethatthecellphonemanufacturersof1997didnotfullyperceivetheneedconsumerswouldhaveforanall-in-onedevice.However,eveniftheneedwaspresent,alackofdevicememoryandstoragecapacitywasanevenbiggerobstacletoovercome.Morepeoplemayhavewantedtheirdevicestobeall-in-onetools,butmanufacturersstillhadtoclimbthememoryhurdle.

Toputtheproblemsimply,ittakesmemorytostoreandrunapplicationsonanydevice,cellphonesincluded.Cellphones,asadevice,untilrecentlydidnothavetheamountofmemoryavailabletothemthatwouldfacilitatetheinclusionof“extra”programs.Withinthelasttwoyears,thepriceofmemoryhasreachedverylowlevels.

Devicemanufacturersnowhavetheabilitytoincludemorememoryatlowerprices.ManycellphonesnowhavemorestandardmemorythantheaveragePChadinthemid-1990s.So,nowthatwehavetheneed,andthememory,wecanalljumpinanddevelopcoolapplicationsforcellphonesaroundtheworld,right?

Notexactly.

Devicemanufacturersstillcloselyguardtheoperatingsystemsthatrunontheirdevices.WhileafewhaveopeneduptothepointwheretheywillallowsomeJava-basedapplicationstorunwithinasmallenvironmentonthephone,manydonotallowthis.EventhesystemsthatdoallowsomeJavaappstorundonotallowthekindofaccesstothe“core”systemthatstandarddesktopdevelopersareaccustomedtohaving.

OpenHandsetAllianceandAndroid

ThisbarriertoapplicationdevelopmentbegantocrumbleinNovemberof2007whenGoogle,undertheOpenHandsetAlliance,releasedAndroid.TheOpenHandsetAllianceisagroupofhardwareandsoftwaredevelopers,includingGoogle,NTTDoCoMo,SprintNextel,andHTC,whosegoalistocreateamoreopencellphoneenvironment.

Thefirstproducttobereleasedundertheallianceisthemobiledeviceoperatingsystem,Android.（FormoreinformationabouttheOpenHandsetAlliance,see

.）WiththereleaseofAndroid,Googlemadeavailableahostofdevelopmenttoolsandtutorialstoaidwould-bedevelopersontothenewsystem.Helpfiles,theplatformsoftwaredevelopmentkit（SDK）,andevenadevelopers’communitycanbefoundatGoogle’sAndroidwebsite,Thissiteshouldbeyourstartingpoint,andIhighlyencourageyoutovisitthesite.

NOTE

Google,inpromotingthenewAndroidoperatingsystem,evenwentasfarastocreatea$10millioncontestlookingfornewandexcitingAndroidapplications.

WhilecellphonesrunningLinux,Windows,andevenPalmOSareeasytofind,asofthiswriting,nohardwareplatformshavebeenannouncedforAndroidtorunon.HTC,LG

Electro