全国职称英语考试必过秘籍.docx

全国职称英语考试必过秘籍.docx

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全国职称英语考试必过秘籍

全国职称英语考试必过秘籍（免背单词

40TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety

Inanewstudyaboutthewaykidslearnmathinelementaryschool,thepsychologistsattheUniversityofChicagol1SianBeilockandSusanLevinefoundasurprisingrelationshipbetweenwhatfemaleteachersthinkandwhatfemalestudentslearn:

Ifafemaleteacherisuncomfortablewithherownmathskills,thenherfemalestudentsaremorelikelytobelievethatboysarebetterthangirlsatmath.

"Ifthesegirlskeepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers2inlatergrades,itmaycreateasnowballeffectontheirmathachievement3saidLevine.Inotherwords,girlsmayenduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers4.Thestudysuggeststhatifthesegirlsgrowupbelievingthatboysarebetteratmaththangirlsare,thenthesegirlsmaynotdoaswellastheywouldhaveiftheyweremoreconfident.

Justasstudentsfindcertainsubjectstobedifficult,teacherscanfindcertainsubjectstobedifficulttolearn--andteach.Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone.

Researchersusetheword"anxiety"todescribesuchfeelings:

anxietyisuneasinessorworry.

Thenewstudyfoundthatwhenateacherhasanxietyaboutmath,thatfeelingcaninfluencehowherfemalestudentsfeelaboutmath.Thestudyinvolved65girls,52boysand17first-andsecond-gradeteachersinelementaryschoolsintheMidwest.Thestudentstookmathachievementtestsatthebeginningandendoftheschoolyear,andtheresearcherscomparedthescores.

Theresearchersalsogavethestudentsteststotellwhetherthestudentsbelievedthatamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy.Thentheresearchersturnedtotheteachers:

Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasalesreceipt5.Ateacherwhogotnervouslookingatthenumbersonasalesreceipt,forexample,wasprobablyanxiousaboutmath.

Boys,onaverage,wereunaffectedbyateacher'sanxiety.Onaverage,girlswithmath-anxious

teachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathteststhanothergirlsinthestudydid.Plus,onthetestshowingwhethersomeonethoughtamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy,20girlsshowedfeelingthatboyswouldbebetteratmath--andallofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety.

"Thisisaninterestingstudy,buttheresultsneedtobeinterpretedaspreliminaryandinneedofreplicationwithalargersample6,"saidDavidGeary,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouri7inColumbia.

词汇：

snowball/'sn?

ub?

:

l/雪球；滚雪球式增长的事replication/repli'kei?

?

n/n．重复，复现

superstar/'sju:

p?

sta:

/n．超级明星

练习：

1.UniversityofChicago：

芝加哥大学。

位于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市，是世界一流的私立大学，创建于1891年。

2.keepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers：

一直由对数学有焦虑感的女教师教授数学。

此处getting是having的意思，math-anxious指的是上文中提到的对数学没有自信的心理状态。

另见第三段最后一句对anxiety的解释。

3.snowballeffectontheirmathachievement：

在数学成就上的雪球效应。

其含义是：

在数学上越来越没有信心。

4.enduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers：

最后从老师那里获得的是对数学的焦虑。

Endupdoingsomething：

最终会做某事

5.salesreceipt：

销售清单

6.inneedofreplicationwithalargersample：

需要用更大的调查样本进行重复验证。

replication

在量化实证研究中的意思是“重复（实验）”。

7.theUniversityofMissouri：

密苏里大学。

位于密苏里州，是美国一所公立研究型大学，创建于1839年。

练习：

1.WhatistheresultoftheresearchattheUniversityofChicago,accordingtothefirstparagraph?

AGirlscomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarebetterthanboysatmath.

BGirlsuncomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarenotasgoodasboysatmath.

CFemaleteachers'mathskillshaveinfluenceovergirlstudents'mathskills.

DFemaleteachers'confidenceintheirmathskillsisrelatedtogirl'smathskills.

2.Whatisimpliedinthethirdparagraph?

AMathteachers,likemathlearners,donotlikethesubjectduetoitsdifficulty.

BAdifficultsubjectlikemathmayaffectteachers'confidenceinteachingthesubject.

CTeachersaremoreanxiousteachingmaththantheirstudentslearningmath.

DMathissodifficultthatnoteachersliketoteachit.

3.Accordingtotheexperiment,thoseteacherswereprobablyanxiousaboutmathwhentheyfelt

Anervousmemorizingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.

Bhelplesssavingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.

Cuneasyreadingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.

Dhopelessfillinginthenumbersofasalesreport.

4.Thesixthparagraphtellsusthattheresearchfindings

Aproveastronglinkbetweenfemaleteachers'mathanxietyandtheirfemalestudents'mathachievements.

Bshowthatmalestudentsarelesslikelytobeaffectedbytheirmathanxietythanfemalestudents.

Cprovidestrongevidencethatmathsuperstarsaremorelikelytobemalesthanfemales.

Ddiscoverastronglinkbetweenteachers'mathanxietyandtheirstudents'mathachievements.

5.DavidGearythinksthat

Athestudyisinterestingbutitisbasedonunreliableresearchprocess.

Btheresearchresultsneedtoberetestedbasedonalargersample.

Ctheresearchresultsneedtobereinterpretedtobemeaningful.

Dthestudyiswellbasedandproducessignificantresults.

答案与题解：

1.D该段告诉我们女教师的想法（whatfemaleteachersthink）和女学生的学习（whatfemale

studentslearn）之间有很大的关联度，也就是说，女教师如果对自己的数学技能没有自信，她的女学生很可能相信男孩子会在数学方面超过女孩子。

2.B第三段的大意是，数学对任何人来说都可能有难度（Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone），如同学生，教师也会觉得数学难学和难教，这就是研究者所言的焦虑。

所以，可以推断，作者是要告诉我们，教师会因为数学这门学科的难度而对教授该课程不自信。

其他选项都不是该段所要表达的内容。

3.C第五段第三句“Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersasked

theteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasales

receipt”指出了答案。

memorizingthenumbers；意为“记住数字”；savingthenumbers意为“保存数字”；fillinginthenumbers意为“陆续编入数字”，而且文中没有提到asalesreport；它们均不是答案。

4.A短文的第六段是对前一段所述调查数据结果的讨论，即，男学生较少受对数学有焦虑感的教师影响，而那些数学成绩较低的女生都有对数学有焦虑感的教师（girlswithmath-anxious

teachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathtests），而且，所有认为男生数学肯定比女生强的女生，其数学教师都是有数学焦虑感的女教师（allofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety.）。

D所以不是正确的选择，因为只提到teachers和students,而不是femaleteachers和femalestudents。

5.B根据DavidGeary的说法，实验结果还是初步的（preliminary），需要更大的样本对其进行重复验证（inneedofreplicationwithalargersample）。

他没有认为该实验的过程不可靠，所以A不是正确选项；他认为实验样本不够大，所以D也不是正确选项。

第三十四篇BatteriesBuiltbyViruses

Whatdochickenpox,thecommoncold,theflu,andAIDShaveincommon?

They'realldiseasecausedbyviruses,tinymicroorganismsthatcanpassfrompersontoperson.It'snowonder1thatwhenmostpeoplethinkaboutviruses,findingwaystosteerclearof2virusesiswhat'sonpeople'sminds.

　　Noteveryonerunsfromthetinydiseasecarriers,though3.InCambridge,Massachusetts4,scientistshavediscoveredthatsomevirusescanbehelpfulinanunusualway.Theyareputtingvirusestowork,teachingthemtobuildsomeoftheworld'ssmallestrechargeablebatteries.

　　Virusesandbatteriesmayseemlikeanunusualpair,butthey'renotsostrangeforengineerAngelaBelcher,whofirstcameupwith5theidea.AttheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology（MIT）inCambridge,sheandhercollaboratorsbringtogetherdifferentareasofscienceinnewways.Inthecaseofthevirus-builtbatteries,thescientistscombinewhattheyknowaboutbiology',technologyandproductiontechniques.

　　Belcher'steamincludesPaulaHammond,whohelpsputtogetherthetinybatteries,andYet-MingChiang,anexpertonhowtostoreenergyintheformofabattery."We'reworkingonthingswetraditionallydon'tassociatewithnature,"saysHammond.

　　Manybatteriesarealreadyprettysmall.YoucanholdA,CandDbatteries6inyourhand.Thecoin-likebatteriesthatpowerwatchesareoftensmallerthanapenny.However,everyyear,newelectronicdeviceslikepersonalmusicplayersorcellphonesgetsmallerthantheyearbefore.Asthesedevicesshrink,ordinarybatterieswon'tbesmallenoughtofitinside.

　　Theidealbatterywillstorealotofenergyinasmallpackage.Rightnow,Belcher'smodelbattery,ametallicdiskcompletelybuiltbyviruses,lookslikearegularwatchbattery.Butinside,itscomponentsareverysmall—sotinyyoucanonlyseethemwithapowerfulmicroscope.

　　Howsmallarethesebatteryparts?

Togetsomeideaofthesize,pluckonehairfromyourhead.Placeyourhaironapieceofwhitepaperandtrytoseehowwideyourhairis—prettythin,right?

Althoughthewidthofeachperson'shairisabitdifferent,youcouldprobablyfitabout10ofthesevirus-builtbatteryparts,sidetoside,acrossonehair.Thesemicrobatteriesmaychangethewaywelookatviruses'.

　　练习：

　　1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peopletryto

　　A.killmicroorganismsrelatedtochickenpox,theflu,etc.

　　B.keepthemselvesawayfromvirusesbecausetheyareinvisible.

　　C.stayawayfromvirusesbecausetheyarecausesofvariousdiseases.

　　D.curethemselvesofvirus-relateddiseasesbytakingmedicines.

　　2.WhatisBelcher'steamdoingatpresent?

　　A.Itisfindingwaystogetridofviruses.

　　B.Itismass-producingmicrobatteries.

　　C.Itismakingbatterieswithviruses.

　　D.Itisanalyzingvirusgenes.

　　3.Whatexpressionbelowisoppositeinmeaningtotheword"shrink"appearinginparagraph5?

　　A.Broaden.

　　B.Spread.

　　C.Extend.

　　D.Expand.

　　4.WhichofthefollowingistrueofBelcher'sbatterymentionedinparagraph6?

　　A.Itismadeofmetal.

　　B.Itisakindofwatchbattery.

　　C.Itcanonlybeseenwithamicroscope.

　　D.Itisametallicdiskwithvirusesinsideit.

　　5.Howtinyisonebatterypart?

　　A.Itswidthisonetenthofahair.

　　B.Itequalsthewidthofahair.

　　C.Itisasthinasapieceofpaper.

　　D.Itswidthistootinytomeasure.

　　第三十四篇病毒电池

　　水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢?

这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。

病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。

难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。

　　然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些病毒携带者。

在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。

他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构