语言学补充练习13.docx
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语言学补充练习13
第一章语言学入门知识:
I、名词解释
1.culturaltransmission（asadefiningpropertyoflanguage）
Answer:
Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned、AnEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligible、Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted、Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct、Incontrast,animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted、Theyarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies、
2.descriptivelinguisticsvs、prescriptivelinguistics
Answer:
Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior、Linguisticstudiesbeforethe204centuryarelargelyprescriptivewhereasmodemlinguisticismostlydescriptive、
II、判断正误（TforTrueandFforFalse）
1、Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformation,itservesaninformativefunction、
Answer:
F（Itservesaninterrogativefunction）、
2.Mostanimalmunicationsystemslacktheprimarylevelofarticulation、
Answer:
F（Theprimaryunitsinthesesystemscannotbefurtherdividedintoelements、Sowhattheylackisthesecondarylevelofarticulation、）
3.Descriptivelinguisticsareconcernedwithhowlanguageswork,notwithhowtheycanbeimproved、
Answer:
T
III、填空题
1.Bysayingthat"languageisarbitrary",wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningand_______、
Answer:
sounds
2.ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleismadebytheSwisslinguistEdeSaussure、ThedistinctionbetweenpetenceandperformanceismadebytheAmericanlinguist__________、
Answer:
NoamChomsky
3.Anapproachtolinguisticstudywhichattemptstolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeusedis_______、
Answer:
prescriptive
IV、选择题
1.Unlikeanimalmunicationsystem,humanlanguageis______、
A、stimulusfree
B、stimulusbound
C、underimmediatestimuluscontrol
D、stimulatedbysomeoccurrenceofmunalinterest
Answer:
A
2、____hasbeenwidelyacceptedastheforefatherofmodemlinguistics、
a、Chomskyb、Saussurec、Bloomfieldd、JohnLyon
Answer:
b
V、问答题
l、Islanguageproductiveornot?
Why?
Answer:
Firstly,Languageisproductiveorcreative、Thismeansthatlanguageuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore、Secondly,Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage、Mostanimalmunicationsystemshavealimitedrepertoire,whichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible、Thirdly,Theproductivityorcreativityofhumanlanguageoriginatesfromitsduality、Becauseofduality,thespeakercanbinethebasic
linguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences、Theproductivityoflanguagealsomeansitspotentialtocreateendlesssentences、Thisismadepossiblebytherecursivenatureoflanguage、
2、mentonthefollowingstatement:
“Inlinguistics,‘language’onlymeanswhatapersonsaysorsaidinagivensituation”、
Answer:
Thisstatementisincorrect、Inlinguistics,"language"hasseverallayersofmeaning:
firstly,thewholeofaperson’slanguage,e、g、Shakespeare’slanguage;secondly,aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting,e、g、scientificlanguage,literarylanguage,colloquiallanguage;thirdly,anabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofamunity,e、g、theEnglishlanguage,theChineselanguage;lastly,thereisanevenmoreabstractsenseof"language",referringtothemonfeaturesofallhumanlanguagesthatdistinguishthemfromanimalmunicationsystemsoranyartificiallanguage、
3、Pointoutthreewaysinwhichlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar、
Answer:
Firstly,mostlinguisticanalysestodayfocusonspeechratherthanwriting、Secondly,modemlinguisticsismostlydescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarislargelyprescriptive、Thirdly,athirddifferenceisthepriorityofsynchronicdescriptionoverthetraditionaldiachronicstudies、
4、WhatisthemajordifferencebetweenSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomsky'sdistinctionbetweenpetenceandperformance?
Answer:
Saussure’slangueissocialproduct,asetofconventionsforaspeechmunity、Chomskyregardspetenceasapropertyofthemindofeachindividual、SaussurestudieslanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskystudiesitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview、
第二章语音学与音位学
I、名词解释
1.narrowtranscription
Answer:
Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds、Oneisthe“broadtranscription”thetranscriptionwithlettersymbolsonly,andtheotheris“narrowtranscription”thetranscriptionwithlettersymbolsacpaniedbythediacriticswhichcanhelpbringoutthefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo、
2、Illustratetheterm“allophone”withatleastoneappropriateexample、
Answer:
Allophonesarethedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning、Forexample,inEnglish,thephoneme/l/ispronounceddifferentlyin"let","play"and"tell"、Thefirst/l/ismadebyraisingthefrontofthetonguetothehardpalate,whilethevocalcordsarevibrating;thesecond/l/ismadewiththesametonguepositionasthefirst,butthevocalcordsarenotvibrating;andthethird/l/ismadebyraisingnotonlythefrontbyalsothebackofthetonguewhilethevocalcordsarevibrating、
II判断正误（TforTrueandFforFalse）
1、/o/isamidhighfrontroundedvowel、
Answer:
F、（/o/isamidhighBACKroundedvowel、）
2、Aphonemeinonelanguageoronedialectmaybeanallophoneinanotherlanguageordialect、
Answer:
T、
III、填空题:
1、Thethreecavitiesinthearticulatoryapparatusare_____,_______,and_____、
Answer:
pharynx,thenasalcavity,theoralcavity
2、Bythepositionofthe____partofthetongue,vowelsandclassifiedasfrontvowels,centralvowelsandbackvowels、
Answer:
highest、
3、____referstothechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound、
Answer:
Assimilation、
4、Youarerequiredtofillintheblanksbelowabidingbytheinstancegivenbeforehand、
Example:
/p/:
voicedbilabialstop
/s/:
________________
/g/:
_______________
/tʃ/:
______________
/t/:
_______________
/f/:
_______________
Answer:
/s/:
voicelessalveolarfricative
/g/:
voicedvelarstop
/tʃ/:
voicelessalveopalatal/postalveolaraffricate
/t/:
voiceddentalfricative
/f/:
voicelesslabiodentalfricative
5、Whichofthefollowingwordswouldbetreatedasminimalpairsandminimalsets?
pat,penmore,heat,tape,bun,fat,ban,chain,tale,bell,far,meal,vote,bet,heel,ten,men,pit,main,hit,eat,man
Answer:
pat,fat;pat,pit;pit,hit;
pen,ten;ten,men;
heat,eat;heat,heel;
tape,tale;
bun,ban;
chain,main;
bell,bet;
meal,heel;
man,men,main、
IV、选择题
1、Allsyllablescontaina（n）_______、
a、nucleus
b、coda
c、onset
Answer:
a
2、_____isoneofthesupersegmentalfeatures、
a、Stop
b、Voicing
c、Deletion
d、Tone
Answer:
d
3、WhichofthefollowingconsonantsdoesnotexistinEnglish?
a、dentalstop
b、bilabialstop
c、alveolarstop
d、velarstop
Answer:
a
4、_____isnotanEnglishconsonant、
a、Labiodentalplosive
b、Alveolarnasal
c、Velarstop
d、Dentalfricative
Answer:
a
V、辨音选择
1、Whatarethedistinctivefeaturesthatgroupthefollowingsoundsinthesesets?
1）/f,v,s/
2）/p,f,b/
3）/g,z,b/
4）/k,g,w/
5）/m,n,ŋ/
Answer:
1）fricative2）obstruent3）voiced4）velar
5）nasal
2、Thereisonesegmentthatdoesnotbelongtothenaturalclassineachofthefollowinggroupsofspeechsounds、Youarerequiredtoidentifythatsegmentandlabelthenaturalclass,usingadescriptivetermasspecificaspossible、
a）/m/,/n/,/w/,/ŋ/
b）/v/,/w/,/z/,/t/
c）/n/,/f/,/l/,/s/,/t/,/d/,/z/
Answer:
1）/w/isasemivowel,andtheothersareallnasals、
2）/t/isvoiceless,andtheothersarevoiced、
3）/f/islabiodental,andtherestarealveolar
VI、问答题
1.Circlethewordsthatcontainasoundasrequired:
1）alowvowel:
pipe,gather,article,leave,cook
2）abilabialconsonant:
cool,lad,leap,bomb,push
3）anapproximant:
luck,boots,word,once,table
4）afrontvowel:
god,neat,pit,lush,cook
5）avelar:
god,fast,chat,lake,quick
2.Exemplifytherelationshipbetweenphone,phonemeandallophone、
Answer:
Firstly,a“phone”isaphoneticunitorsegment、Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticmunicationareallphones、Phonesmayormaynotdistinguishmeaning、Secondly,a"phoneme"isaphonologicalunitthatisofdistinctivevalue、Asanabstractunit,aphonemeisnotanyparticularsound、Itisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext、Thirdly,thephonesrepresentingaphonemearecalledits"allophones"、Howaphonemeisrepresentedbyaphone,orwhichallophoneistobeused,isdeterminedbythephoneticcontextinwhichitoccurs、Butthechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandombutrulegovernedinmostcases、
3.Whenwearepronouncingthefollowingphrases,howdoweactuallyarticulatethe"n"soundintheword"ten"?
Dowestillpronounceitas/n/?
1）tenhouses2）tenteachers3）tencolleges4）tenpupils5）tenbuildings6）tenclasses
Answer:
1）/n/
2）/n/
3）/ŋ/
4）/m/
5）/m/
6）/ŋ/
4.Howmanyfunctionsdothevocalcordshaveintheproductionofspeechsounds?
Answer:
Theyhavethreefunctions:
tomakeaglottalstop,toproduceavoicedsoundandtoproduceavoicelesssound、
第三章形态学
I、名词解释
1.morpheme
Answer:
Themorphemeisthesmallestunitintermsofrelation
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