曼昆经济学原理课件.docx

曼昆经济学原理课件.docx

《曼昆经济学原理课件.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《曼昆经济学原理课件.docx（89页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

曼昆经济学原理课件

Chapter1TenPrinciplesofEconomics

Economy:

ThewordeconomycomesfromaGreekwordfor“onewhomanagesahousehold.”

Ahouseholdandaneconomyfacemanydecisions:

●Whowillwork?

●Whatgoodsandhowmanyofthemshouldbeproduced?

●Whatresourcesshouldbeusedinproduction?

●Atwhatpriceshouldthegoodsbesold?

SocietyandScarceResources:

●Themanagementofsociety’sresourcesisimportantbecauseresourcesarescarce.

●Scarcitymeansthatsocietyhaslimitedresourcesandthereforecannotproduceallthegoodsandservicespeoplewishtohave.

Economicsisthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources.

Howpeoplemakedecisions:

●Peoplefacetradeoffs.

●Thecostofsomethingiswhatyougiveuptogetit.

●Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.

●Peoplerespondtoincentives.

Howpeopleinteractwitheachother:

●Tradecanmakeeveryonebetteroff.

●Marketsareusuallyagoodwaytoorganizeeconomicactivity.

●Governmentscansometimesimproveeconomicoutcomes.

Theforcesandtrendsthataffecthowtheeconomyasawholeworks.

●Thestandardoflivingdependsonacountry’sproduction.

●Pricesrisewhenthegovernmentprintstoomuchmoney.

●Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.

Principle1:

PeopleFaceTradeoffs.

“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch!

”Or“鱼与熊掌，不可兼得。

”

Togetonething,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthing.

●Gunsv.butter

●Foodv.clothing

●Leisuretimev.work

●Efficiencyv.equity

Efficiencymeanssocietygetsthemostthatitcanfromitsscarceresources.

Equitymeansthebenefitsofthoseresourcesaredistributedfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.

Makingdecisionsrequirestradingoffonegoalagainstanother.

Principle2:

TheCostofSomethingIsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt.

Decisionsrequirecomparingcostsandbenefitsofalternatives.

●Whethertogotocollegeortowork?

●Whethertostudyorgooutonadate?

●Whethertogotoclassorsleepin?

Theopportunitycostofanitemiswhatyougiveuptoobtainthatitem.

LALakerbasketballstarKobeBryantchosetoskipcollegeandgostraightfromhighschooltotheproswherehehasearnedmillionsofdollars.

Principle3:

RationalPeopleThinkattheMargin.

Marginalchangesaresmall,incrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplanofaction.

Peoplemakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefitsatthemargin.

Principle4:

PeopleRespondtoIncentives.

●Marginalchangesincostsorbenefitsmotivatepeopletorespond.

●Thedecisiontochooseonealternativeoveranotheroccurswhenthatalternative’smarginalbenefitsexceeditsmarginalcosts!

Principle5:

TradeCanMakeEveryoneBetterOff.

●Peoplegainfromtheirabilitytotradewithoneanother.

●Competitionresultsingainsfromtrading.

●Tradeallowspeopletospecializeinwhattheydobest.

Principle6:

MarketsAreUsuallyaGoodWaytoOrganizeEconomicActivity.

Amarketeconomyisaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralizeddecisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservices.

●Householdsdecidewhattobuyandwhotoworkfor.

●Firmsdecidewhotohireandwhattoproduce.

AdamSmithmadetheobservationthathouseholdsandfirmsinteractinginmarketsactasifguidedbyan“invisiblehand.”

●Becausehouseholdsandfirmslookatpriceswhendecidingwhattobuyandsell,theyunknowinglytakeintoaccountthesocialcostsoftheiractions.

●Asaresult,pricesguidedecisionmakerstoreachoutcomesthattendtomaximizethewelfareofsocietyasawhole.

Principle7:

GovernmentsCanSometimesImproveMarketOutcomes.

Marketfailureoccurswhenthemarketfailstoallocateresourcesefficiently.

Whenthemarketfails（breaksdown）governmentcanintervenetopromoteefficiencyandequity.

Marketfailuremaybecausedby:

●anexternality,whichistheimpactofonepersonorfirm’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander.

●marketpower,whichistheabilityofasinglepersonorfirmtoundulyinfluencemarketprices.

Principle8:

TheStandardofLivingDependsonaCountry’sProduction.

Standardoflivingmaybemeasuredindifferentways:

●Bycomparingpersonalincomes.

●Bycomparingthetotalmarketvalueofanation’sproduction.

Almostallvariationsinlivingstandardsareexplainedbydifferencesincountries’productivities.

Productivityistheamountofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stime.

Standardoflivingmaybemeasuredindifferentways:

●Bycomparingpersonalincomes.

●Bycomparingthetotalmarketvalueofanation’sproduction.

Principle9:

PricesRiseWhentheGovernmentPrintsTooMuchMoney.

●Inflationisanincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomy.

●Onecauseofinflationisthegrowthinthequantityofmoney.

●Whenthegovernmentcreateslargequantitiesofmoney,thevalueofthemoneyfalls.

Principle10:

SocietyFacesaShort-runTradeoffBetweenInflationandUnemployment.

●ThePhillipsCurveillustratesthetradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment:

↓Inflation→↑Unemployment

It’sashort-runtradeoff!

Summary:

●Whenindividualsmakedecisions,theyfacetradeoffsamongalternativegoals.

●Thecostofanyactionismeasuredintermsofforegoneopportunities.

●Rationalpeoplemakedecisionsbycomparingmarginalcostsandmarginalbenefits.

●Peoplechangetheirbehaviorinresponsetotheincentivestheyface.

●Tradecanbemutuallybeneficial.

●Marketsareusuallyagoodwayofcoordinatingtradeamongpeople.

●Governmentcanpotentiallyimprovemarketoutcomesifthereissomemarketfailureorifthemarketoutcomeisinequitable.

●Productivityistheultimatesourceoflivingstandards.

●Moneygrowthistheultimatesourceofinflation.

●Societyfacesashort-runtradeoffbetweeninflationandunemployment.

Chapter2ThinkingLikeanEconomist

Everyfieldofstudyhasitsownterminology

●Mathematics

integrals◆axioms◆vectorspaces

●Psychology

ego◆id◆cognitivedissonance

●Law

promissory◆estoppel◆torts◆venues

●Economics

supply◆opportunitycost◆elasticity◆consumersurplus◆demand◆comparativeadvantage◆deadweightloss

Economicstrainsyouto:

●Thinkintermsofalternatives.

●Evaluatethecostofindividualandsocialchoices.

●Examineandunderstandhowcertaineventsandissuesarerelated.

THEECONOMISTASASCIENTIST

Theeconomicwayofthinking:

●Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.

●Makesuseofthescientificmethod.

TheScientificMethod:

Observation,Theory,andMoreObservation

●Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.

Developstheories,collects,andanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories.

TheRoleofAssumptions

●Economistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.

●Theartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomake.

●Economistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions.

EconomicModels

●Economistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworld

●Twoofthemostbasiceconomicmodelsinclude:

TheCircularFlowDiagram（宏观国民经济循环流量图）

TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier（生产可能性曲线）

OurFirstModel:

TheCircular-FlowDiagram

Thecircular-flowdiagramisavisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirms.

Figure1TheCircularFlow

Firms

●Produceandsellgoodsandservices

●Hireandusefactorsofproduction

Households

●Buyandconsumegoodsandservices

●Ownandsellfactorsofproduction

MarketsforGoodsandServices

●Firmssell

●Householdsbuy

MarketsforFactorsofProduction

●Householdssell

●Firmsbuy

FactorsofProduction

●Inputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices

●Land,labor,andcapital

OurSecondModel:

TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier

Theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.

Figure2TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier

ConceptsIllustratedbytheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier

●Efficiency

●Tradeoffs

●OpportunityCost

●EconomicGrowth

Figure3AShiftintheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier

MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomics

●Microeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy.

Howhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarkets

●Macroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole.

Economy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth

THEECONOMISTASPOLICYADVISOR

●Wheneconomistsaretryingtoexplaintheworld,theyarescientists.

●Wheneconomistsaretryingtochangetheworld,theyarepolicyadvisor.

POSITIVEVERSUSNORMATIVEANALYSIS

●Positivestatementsarestatementsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis.

Calleddescriptiveanalysis

●Normativestatementsarestatementsabouthowtheworldshouldbe.

Calledprescriptiveanalysis

●PositiveorNormativeStatements?

Anincreaseintheminimumwagewillcauseadecreaseinemploymentamongtheleast-skilled.

◆POSITIVE

Higherfederalbudgetdeficitswillcauseinterestratestoincrease.

◆POSITIVE

Theincomegainsfromahigherminimumwageareworthmorethananyslightreductionsinemployment.

◆NORMATIVE

Stategovernmentsshouldbeallowedtocollectfromtobaccocompaniesthecostsoftreatingsmoking-relatedillnessesamongthepoor.

◆NORMATIVE

EconomistsinWashington:

serveasadvisersinthepolicymakingprocessofthethreebranchesofgovernment:

●Legislative

●Executive

●Judicial

Somegovernmentagenciesthatcollecteconomicdataandmakeeconomicpolicy: