语言学期末总结.docx

语言学期末总结.docx

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语言学期末总结

第一章

1.语言的基本特征Designfeaturesoflanguage（p4-7）

Arbitrariness,Duality,CreativityandDisplacement

2.Arbitrariness的三层含义What’sthethreedifferentlevelsofArbitrariness

therelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaningisarbitrary

languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel,inotherwords,syntaxislessarbitrary

thanwords

conventionalityistheothersideofthecoinofarbitrariness.

3.Duality和Displacement的定义（p5）

ByDUALITYismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganizations.

4.语言的功能Functionsoflanguage（p9）

Informative,function,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunction,metalingualfunction.

5.Performative的定义（p11）

Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,thekindoflanguageemployedinperformativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized.Theperformativefunctioncanextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions.

6.Mainbranchesoflinguistics（p15）

Phonetics,Phonology,Morphology,Syntax,Semantics,Pragmatics.

7.Psycholinguistics（p18）

PSYCHOLINGUISTICSinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample.Inthepsycholinguisticstudyofgrammar,thepsycholinguisticconstraintsontheformofgrammarareexamined.Italsostudieslanguagedevelopmentinthechild,suchasthetheoriesoflanguageacquisition;biologicalfoundationsoflanguage;andaprofoundaspect—therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognition.

8.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics中各分点的定义（p19）

9.Langue&Parole（p21）

10.Saussure现代语言学的开山鼻祖

11.Chomsky美国语言学家，转换-生成语法的创始人

第二章

12.语音学研究的三个领域thethreemainareasofthestudyofsounds（Phonetics）（p24）

ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.

AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds.

PerceptualorAuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththepercecptionofspeechsounds.

13.元音与辅音的区别Thedistinctionbetweenconsonantsandvowels（p29）

Consonantsareproduced”byaclosureinthevocaltract,,orbyanarrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudiblefriction”.Bycontrast,avowelisproducedwithoutsuch”stricture”sothat”airescapesinarelativelyunimpededwaythroughthemouthornose”.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.

14.发音方式与发音位置Themannerandtheplaceofarticulation（p30\31已划出）

Themannerofarticulation:

thereare8tmannersofarticulation.Stop（orPlosive）,

Nasal,Fricative,Approximant,Lateral,Trill,TapandFlap,

Affricate.

Theplaceofarticulation:

thereare11placesofarticulation.Bilabial,Labiodental,Dental,

Alveolar,Postalveolar,Retroflex,Palatal,Velar,Uvular,

Pharyngeal,Glottal

15.记忆所有元音、基础元音（CARDINALVOWELS）（p33\36坐标法）

16.记忆辅音（辅音表）（p35Table）

17.了解RP,GA（p36Table……）

18.元音的四个指标ThefourbasicrequirementsofthedescriptionofEnglishvowels（p37已划出）

theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）.

thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）.

thelengthortensenessofthevowel（tensevs.laxorlongvs.short）.

lip-rounding（roundedvs.unrounded）.

19.辅音的指标

20.Coarticulation的两个分类（p38已划出）

Ifthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,asinthecaseoflanmb,itisknownasAnticipatoryCoarticulation.Ifthesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,itisPerseverativeCoarticulation,asisthecaseofmap.

21.超音段的四个主要特征Thefourprincipalsuprasegmentals（p49已划出）

SyllableStructure,Stress,Intonation,Tone.

22.一个音节由哪两个部分构成（p50已划出）

Wecandivideasyllableintotwoparts,theRhyme（orRime）andtheOnset.

23.英语前面最多允许多少个辅音在结尾最多允许……（p50已划出）

Theonsetpositionmaybeemptyorfilledbyaclusterofasmanyasthreeconsonants,whilethecodapositionmaybefilledbyasmanyasfourconsonants（asinsixth）

第三章

24.词的三层含义Threesensesof“word”（p55的三个小标题）

Aphysicaldefinableunit

Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm

Agrammaticalunit

25.Howtoideatifyword（p57三个标准，三个小标准）

Stability,RelativeUninterruptibility,Aminimumfreeform

26.词的分类Classificationofwords（p58）

Variableandinvariablewords

Grammaticalwordsandlexicalwords

Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords

Wordclass

27.Variable/invariablewords各自的概念（p58）

Variablewords:

variablewordsmayhaveinflectivechanges.Thatis,thesamewordmay

havedifferentgrammaticalformsbutpartofthewordremainsrelatively

constant.

Invariablewords:

invariablewordsr