二战后的美国文学.docx
《二战后的美国文学.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《二战后的美国文学.docx(29页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
二战后的美国文学
研究型美国文学学习资料
二战后的美国文学
AmericanPoetrySince1945:
TheAnti-Tradition
Ashiftawayfromanassumptionthattraditionalforms,ideas,andhistorycanprovidemeaningandcontinuitytohumanlifehasoccurredinthecontemporaryliteraryimaginationthroughoutmanypartsoftheworld,includingtheUnitedStates.EventssinceWorldWarIIhaveproducedasenseofhistoryasdiscontinuous:
Eachact,emotion,andmomentisseenasunique.Styleandformnowseemprovisional,makeshift,reflexiveoftheprocessofcompositionandthewriter'sself-awareness.Familiarcategoriesofexpressionaresuspect;originalityisbecominganewtradition.
ItisnothardtofindhistoricalcausesforthisdisassociatedsensibilityintheUnitedStates.WorldWarIIitself,theriseofanonymityandconsumerisminamassurbansociety,theprotestmovementsofthe1960s,thedecade-longVietnamconflict,theColdWar,environmentalthreats--thecatalogofshockstoAmericancultureislongandvaried.ThechangethathasmosttransformedAmericansociety,however,hasbeentheriseofthemassmediaandmassculture.Firstradio,thenmovies,andnowanall-powerful,ubiquitoustelevisionpresencehavechangedAmericanlifeatitsroots.Fromaprivate,literate,eliteculturebasedonthebook,theeye,andreading,theUnitedStateshasbecomeamediacultureattunedtothevoiceontheradio,themusicofcompactdiscsandcassettes,film,andtheimagesonthetelevisionscreen.
Americanpoetryhasbeendirectlyinfluencedbymassmediaandelectronictechnology.Films,videotapes,andtaperecordingsofpoetryreadingsandinterviewswithpoetshavebecomeavailable,andnewinexpensivephotographicmethodsofprintinghaveencouragedyoungpoetstoself-publishandyoungeditorstobeginliterarymagazines--ofwhichtherearenowwellover2,000.Fromthelate1950stothepresent,Americanshavebeenincreasinglyawarethattechnology,sousefulinitself,presentsdangersthroughthewrongkindsofstrikingimages.ToAmericansseekingalternatives,poetryseemsmorerelevantthanbefore:
Itofferspeopleawaytoexpresssubjectivelifeandarticulatetheimpactoftechnologyandmasssocietyontheindividual.
Ahostofstyles,someregional,someassociatedwithfamousschoolsorpoets,vieforattention;contemporaryAmericanpoetryisdecentralized,richlyvaried,andimpossibletosummarize.Forthesakeofdiscussion,however,itcanbearrangedalongaspectrum,producingthreeoverlappingcamps--thetraditionalononeend,theidiosyncraticinthemiddle,andtheexperimentalontheotherend.Traditionalpoetshavemaintainedorrevitalizedpoetictraditions.Idiosyncraticpoetshaveusedbothtraditionalandinnovativetechniquesincreatinguniquevoices.Experimentalpoetshavecourtednewculturalstyles.
TRADITIONALISM
Traditionalwritersincludeacknowledgedmastersoftraditionalformsanddictionwhowritewithareadilyrecognizablecraft,oftenusingrhymeorasetmetricalpattern.OftentheyarefromtheU.S.Easternseaboardorfromthesouthernpartofthecountry,andteachincollegesanduniversities.RichardEberhartandRichardWilbur;theolderFugitivepoetsJohnCroweRansom,AllenTate,andRobertPennWarren;suchaccomplishedyoungerpoetsasJohnHollanderandRichardHoward;andtheearlyRobertLowellareexamples.Theyareestablishedandfrequentlyanthologized.
Thepreviouschapterdiscussedtherefinement,respectfornature,andprofoundlyconservativevaluesoftheFugitives.Thesequalitiesgracemuchpoetryorientedtotraditionalmodes.Traditionalistpoetsaregenerallyprecise,realistic,andwitty;likeRichardWilbur(1921-),theyareofteninfluencedinthesedirectionsby15th-and16th-centuryBritishmetaphysicalpoetsbroughttofavorbyT.S.Eliot.Wilbur'smostfamouspoem,"AWorldWithoutObjectsIsaSensibleEmptiness"(1950),takesitstitlefromThomasTraherne,ametaphysicalpoet.Itsvividopeningillustratestheclaritysomepoetshavefoundwithinrhymeandformalregularity:
Thetallcamelsofthespirit
Steerfortheirdeserts,passingthelastgrovesloud
Withthesawmillshrillofthelocust,tothewholehoney
ofthearid
Sun.Theyareslow,proud...
Traditionalpoets,unlikemanyexperimentalistswhodistrust"toopoetic"diction,welcomeresoundingpoeticlines.RobertPennWarren(1905-1989)endedonepoemwiththewords"Tolovesowelltheworldthatwemaybelieve,intheend,inGod."AllenTate(1899-1979)endedapoem,"Sentinelofthegravewhocountsusall!
"Traditionalpoetsalsoattimesuseasomewhatrhetoricaldictionofobsoleteoroddwords,usingmanyadjectives(forexample,"sepulchralowl")andinversions,inwhichthenatural,spokenwordorderofEnglishisalteredunnaturally.Sometimestheeffectisnoble,asinthelinebyWarren;othertimes,thepoetryseemsstiltedandoutof