组织学与胚胎学重点问答汇总Summary of key questions and answers in histology and Embryology.docx

组织学与胚胎学重点问答汇总Summary of key questions and answers in histology and Embryology.docx

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组织学与胚胎学重点问答汇总SummaryofkeyquestionsandanswersinhistologyandEmbryology

组织学与胚胎学重点问答汇总

（2）（SummaryofkeyquestionsandanswersinhistologyandEmbryology

（2））

Thegeneralcharacteristics,classificationandfunctionofepithelialtissuearebrieflydescribed.

1.generalfeatures:

Manycells,dense,arrangedintolayers,withlessinterstitialcells

Therearepolarity（distinctsurfaceofcell,structureandfunction）.Itisdividedintofreesurface,basalsurfaceandlateralsurface

Generallynobloodvessels

Thereareabundantnerveendings

2.classification:

epithelialtissueisdividedintocoveringepithelium,glandularepitheliumandsensoryepithelium

3.functions:

protection,absorption,secretionandexcretion

Thegeneralcharacteristics,origin,function,andclassificationofconnectivetissue.

1.generalfeatures:

Therearefewercells,moremesenchymalcells,includingmesenchymalfibers,stromaandtissuefluid.

Cellnon-polar,scatteredinthecloth.

Thereareplentyofbloodvessels,

Widelydistributedinvivo

2.origin:

mesenchymeatembryonicstage

3.functions:

support,connection,nutrition,transportation,protection,defenseandrestoration

3.classification:

itcanbedividedintoproperconnectivetissue（looseconnectivetissue,denseconnectivetissue,adiposetissue,reticulartissue）,cartilagetissueandbonetissueandblood

Thelightandelectronmicroscopicmorphologyofskeletalmusclefiberandcardiacmusclefiberwerecompared

1）underlightmicroscope,theskeletalmusclefibersarelongcylindrical,withmanynucleiandflatovalshape.Theyarelocatedbelowthesarcolemma.Therearemyofibrilsinthecytoplasmwhichareparalleltothelongaxisofthemusclefibersandhaveobviousstripes

2）themyocardialfibersareshortcolumnarinlightmicroscope,andtherearebranchesandmeshintoeachother.Thenucleusismostlyoneovalandlocatedinthecenterofthecell.Thecytoplasmisrichandthestripesarenotobvious.Theintercalateddiscscanbeseenatthejunctionofadjacentcells

3）underelectronmicroscopeinskeletalmusclemyofibrilsbyalargenumberofthickfilamentsandthinfilamentsarranged;thetransversetubulesofhumanandmammalsinthelightanddarkbandjunction;sarcoplasmicreticulumdevelopedterminalcisterntransversetubulesandthesidesofthethreeCIS.

4）myocardialfibersintheelectronmicroscopeofmyofibrillar,coarseandfine;transversetubulesinZlinelevel;sarcoplasmicreticulumsparselydeveloped,lesscommonterminalcistern,twocis;intercalateddisktransversesectionislocatedZlinelevel,intermediatejunctionsanddesmosomes,apartofalongitudinalgapjunction;atrialmusclefibermuscleincytoplasmofsecretorygranules.

1.comparethestructureandfunctionofcontinuouscapillaryandporouscapillary

Commonground：

Endothelialcellsarecontinuous,andthereiscellconnectionbetweencells

Basementmembraneintegrity

Difference：

Therearealotofmicrocellvesiclesinthecytoplasmofcontinuouscapillaryendothelialcells

Thecapillaryendothelialcellswithoutholescontainporesthroughthecytoplasm

Continuouscapillaryexchangesmainlybetweenthebloodandtissuesintheformofmicrovesicles

Thefenestratedcapillariesmainlycarryouttheexchangeofsubstancesthroughtheholeonendothelialcells

Continuouscapillariesaremainlydistributedintheconnectivetissue,lungandcentralnervoussystem（abarrier）,fenestratedcapillariesaremainlydistributedinthegastrointestinaltractandkidneys.

1.comparethestructureandfunctionofcontinuouscapillaryandporouscapillary

Commonground：

Endothelialcellsarecontinuous,andthereiscellconnectionbetweencells

Basementmembraneintegrity

Difference：

Therearealotofmicrocellvesiclesinthecytoplasmofcontinuouscapillaryendothelialcells

Thecapillaryendothelialcellswithoutholescontainporesthroughthecytoplasm

Continuouscapillaryexchangesmainlybetweenthebloodandtissuesintheformofmicrovesicles

Thefenestratedcapillariesmainlycarryouttheexchangeofsubstancesthroughtheholeonendothelialcells

Continuouscapillariesaremainlydistributedintheconnectivetissue,lungandcentralnervoussystem（abarrier）,fenestratedcapillariesaremainlydistributedinthegastrointestinaltractandkidneys.

Thesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthestructureandfunctionof2.moremusculararteryandelasticartery.

Commonground:

Thewallsofthetubeswerecomposedofthreelayers:

intima,tunicaintimaandadventitia.Theintimawasdividedintoendothelium,endodermisandinnerelasticmembrane

Difference：

Themusculararteriesincludingthearteriesandarterioles,elasticarteryartery

Inthefilmthemusculararterymainlymadeupofsmoothmuscle,membranearterymainlyconsistsofalargenumberofelasticfilm

Inthethreefilmthearteryboundaryinthemusculararterysignificantly,whilethethreelayermembraneboundaryoflargearteryisnotobvious

Thebloodsupplyofthemusculararterywallsmoothmusclecontractioncanregulateorgan,changeofperipheralresistance;elasticarteryelasticrecoilmakescontinuouscardiacejectionascontinuousbloodflow

1.brieflydescribethestructureandfunctionofsplenicwhitepulp

1）inthefreshsectionofthespleen,itisgraydots,sothewhitepulpiscomposedofthreeparts:

2）theperiateriallymphaticsheath,diffuselymphoidtissuebywrappingaroundthecentralarteryofTcellsismainlythymusdependentarea,cancarryoutcellularimmuneresponse;3）lymphnode,alsocalledsplenicnodules,aperiarteriallymphaticsheathside,Bcellsmainlyinvolvedinthehumoralimmuneresponse;4）edgeareaislocatedatthejunctionoftheredpulpandwhitepulp,lymphoidtissueandmarginalsinusdominatedbyBcells,lymphocytesfromthebloodintothespleenchannel,isthefirstcontactpartoftheimmuneresponsesinducedbyantigen.

1.brieflydescribethemorphology,structureandfunctionofparietalcells

LM:

islarge,roundortriangularinshape,roundinnucleus,centralincytoplasm,andeosinophilicincytoplasm

EM:

freesurfaceofthecellmembranetothecytoplasmsagbranchtubularcells,calledtubules（secretorytubules）,tubularcavitysurfacemicrovilli,tubulesaroundsmoothtubulesandvesiclescalledtubulovesicularsystems,therearealargenumberofmitochondria

Function:

secretehydrochloricacidandinternalfactor

2.describethemorphology,structureandfunctionofthemaincells

LM:

iscolumnar,nuclearround,baseatthebase,cytoplasmcontainszymogengranules,andcytoplasmicbaseisbasophilic

EM:

cytoplasmcontainszymogengranulesatthetop,andhaswell-developedGc.ThebasalcytoplasmisrichinRER

Thesecretionofpepsinogen;thesecretionofrennetininfancy

3.brieflydescribethestructureandfunctionofvilliinthesmallintestine

1）smallintestinalvillusisalargenumberofsmallfingerprocessesprotrudingfromthemucosaepitheliumandthelaminapropriatothelumen

（2）thesurfaceofvilliofsmallintestineisasinglecolumnarepitheliumcomposedofcolumnarcells,gobletcellsandsmallamounts（endocrinecells）

Thecolumnarcellsandabsorptioncellsunderlightmicroscopewerecolumnar,ovalnucleus,nearthebase,thefreesurfaceofastriatedborder;downstreamfromthesurfaceofelectronmicroscopeonthesurfaceofcellcoat,disaccharidesandpeptideenzymaticdigestionofsugarandprotein,aminoacidsandglucoseabsorptioncarrier.Andintheileumreceptor,cytoplasmofalargenumberofmitochondria,roughandsmoothendoplasmicreticulumandGolgicomplex

Gobletcell:

secretesmucouslubricationintestinecavity

（3）thecentralaxisofthevilliisthelaminapropriaandtheconnectivetissueprotrudesintothevilli.Thecentrallongitudinallymphaticcapillary,calledcentralchyle,richcapillaries,scatteredinsmoothmusclefibers

（4）function:

toenlargethesurfaceareaofdigestionandabsorptionofsmallintestine

1.describethemorphology,structureandfunctionofhepatocytes

LM:

cellsarelarge,polygonal,largeandround,centered,withclearnuclearmembranes,prominentnucleoli,andeosinophiliccytoplasm,

EM:

therearealargenumberofMitcanprovideenergy,RER,SER,Gc,Lycontainsavarietyofhydrolyticenzymesinvolvedinthedigestion,hydrolysisoflivercellsphagocytosedmaterialanddegradationoforganelles,bodies:

alsoknownashydrogenperoxide,hydrogenperoxidescavengingtoxiceffectoncells.

Function:

1）secretebiletoparticipateinthedigestionoflipids;2）synthesisofmanyproteins;

3）toparticipateinthemetabolismofsugar,lipids,hormonesandothersubstances;4）toparticipateinthebiologicaltransformationofsubstancesanddetoxificationofharmfulsubstancesanddrugs;5）hematopoiesis（fetalstage）

Tocomparethestructureandfunctionofproximalconvolutedtubuleanddistalconvolutedtubule

Commonground：

1）theyareallpartoftherenaltubularstructure.Theyareallcomposedofsinglelayerepithelium.Thebasalsurfaceofthecellhasbothplasmamembraneandmitochondria,andthebasementplasmamembranehassodiumandpotassiumpump.

2）ithasthefunctionofreabsorption,andcanexcretehydrogenion,ammoniaandsoon.

Difference：

3）proximaltubuleepithelialcellswerebig,cellboundaryisnotclear,strongeosinophiliccytoplasm,theluminalsurfaceofbrushborder,basalverticallines;therearealotofmicrovilliunderelectronmicroscopeinthecytoplasmofpinocytoticvesicles,cellsidesideprojection,thebasalsurfacefoldsandMitinnermembrane

4）thecelldivisionofthedistalconvolutedtubuleisclear,thecytoplasmisshallowandthebrushborderisnotclear.Afewshortmicrovill