精品英语报刊复习资料doc.docx

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精品英语报刊复习资料doc

English-ChineseTermsinJournalism（单词和常用字）

accuracy准确

objectivity客观

tabloid

小报

brevity简洁

delayedlead

延缓式导语

balanceandfairnessn.平衡和公平

directlead

直接式导语

anecdote趣闻，轶事

coverstory

封面文章

documentary文献

dateline

日期行

breakingnews突发新闻

by-line

署名行

broadsheet大报

caption

图片说明，小标题

highlight提要

headline

标题

deadline交稿最后期限

prominence

（人物或事件的）突出性

body（新闻）主体

proximity

（物理或心理上的）接近性

end（新闻）结尾

humaninterest人情味

column（报纸版面上的）栏目，专栏

readability

可读性

columnist专栏作家

pyramidstructure金字塔结构

freelancer自由撰稿人

invertedpyramidstructure倒金字塔结构

correspondent十己者（reporter?

Journalist?

）

uniquenessofanevent事件的独特性

editor编辑

editor'snotes/Eds.编者按eye-catching抢眼的

newsfeatures新闻特写

flash快讯

follow-叩story后续报道

newslead（新闻）导语

gatekeeper看门人

thewatchdogroleofjournalism新闻的舆论监督作用

YellowJournalism

耸人听闻式的新闻报道hardnews硬新闻

softnews软新闻

keyword关键词

masscommunication大众传播massmedia大众传媒

newsagency通讯社

newsdigest新闻摘要

newsfilter新闻过滤

newsvalue新闻价值（whatprinciples?

）freedomofthepress新闻自由

freedomofopinion言论自由

personalprofile人物特写electronicmedia电子媒体

printmedia纸媒体

timeliness时效性

urgent

n.急电adj.急的，紧急的

ChapterOne

BasicConceptsinEnglishJournalism

Communication

theprocessofsharingideas,information,andmessageswithothersinaparticulartimeandplace.

1.Formsofcommunication

verbalcommunication（writingandtalking）

nonverbalcommunication

visualcommunication

electroniccommunication

2.Developmentoflong-distancecommunication

Courier-type（信使类）services（examples?

）

Government-operatedcommunicationsystems（examples?

）

Thefirsttrulyelectronicmedium:

telegraph

（theworld'sfirstregulartelegraphservice:

1844）

Thefirstmechanicaldevicewhichcouldtransmitthehumanvoiceoverwires:

telephone,1876

Theearliestsystemforsendingelectricalsignalsthroughtheairviaelectromagneticwaves:

wireless/radio,andlater,television,wirelesstelephone,etc.

Thefirstregularlyscheduledtelevisionprogramming:

1941,intheUS.

Theearliestcomputernetwork:

developedinthe1960s,intheU.S.

Themostextensivelyconnectedcomputersystemthroughouttheworld:

theInternet,inthe1980's.

■MassCommunicationMedia

Whatisamedium?

Thechannelthroughwhichamessagetravelsfromthesourcetothereceiver.

WhatisMassCommunication?

Theprocessbywhichacomplexorganization,withtheaidofoneormoremachinesproducespublicmessagesthatareaimedatlargeheterogeneous（ofdifferentkinds）,andscatteredaudience.

WhatisMassmedia?

Themeansofcommunicationthatcanreachmanypeopleatatimeeitherbyprintedmaterialsorelectronicwaves.Theseincludenewspapers,magazines,books,radio,television,publicrelationandadvertising.

TVandnewspapersarethetwomajorkindsofmassmediainthepresentworld.

journalism

Inanarrowsense,journalismisthecollectionandperiodicalpublishingofnews.

Inabroadsense,journalismisthegatheringandtransmissionofnews,businessmanagementofjournals,andadvertisinginallitsphases.

DevelopmentofJournalismintheWest—abriefreview

1.ThefirstEnglishnews-sheetwaspublishedin1622.

2.Bytheearly18thcentury,thegreatEnglishjournalistsflourished,amongthemDanielDefoe,JonathanSwift,JosephAddison,andSirRichardSteele.

3.Alsoatthistimethelongstruggleforfreedomofthepress（新闻自由）began.

4.inthe19thcentury

JosephPulitzer,EdwardWilliesScripps,&WilliamRandolphHearst:

newspapersappealingtothegrowingpopulationsofthebigcities.

5.TheDailyMirrorasthefirsttabloid（小报）newspaper:

1903.

6.Atthesametime:

newpopularmagazines

Background:

newtechnologyandtheemergenceofnationalbrandsofconsumergoodsthatrequirednationalmediainwhichtoadvertise.

7.RadiostationsintheUnitedStatesstartedtoreportcurrenteventsinthe1920s,andbyWorldWarIIhadamassedahugeaudience.

8.TheBritishBroadcastingCorporation（BBC）:

1922

9.Commerciallyviabletelevision:

inthe1950s.

TheCableNewsNetwork（CNN）:

news-only;24hoursaday

10.Theever-importantwatchdogroleofjournalisminmodemsociety:

%1muckrakers〈探听者，专门搜集并在报纸上公布有关政府官员或商界的腐败例子的人〉，namedbecauseoftheirmannerofexposingcorruptioninthedecade1902-1912.

%1Inthe1960s,reporterscoveringtheVietnamWarwereinstrumentalinturningpublicopinionagainstthewar.

%1In1972and1973:

theWatergatescandal.

FunctionsofMassCommunicationforSociety

Surveillance;interpretation;transmissionofvalues;diversionandlinkage.

TwoPioneersinJournalism

1.JosephPulitzer（1847-1911）

%1ThePulitzerPrizes.

%1NewYorkWorld.

%1Newspaperinnovations:

sportspages,women'sfashionsections,comics,andillustrations.

%1CompetitionbetweenPulitzerandWilliamRandolphHearst

2.WilliamRandolphHearst

（1863-1951）

whocontrolledachainof25newspaperspublishedinmajorcitiesacrosstheUnitedStatesby1927.

who,aseditor,usedthesensationaljournalisticmethodslatercalledyellowjournalism.

Yellowjournalism,inshort,isbiasedopinionmasqueradingasobjectivefact.Moreover,thepracticeofyellowjournalisminvolvedsensationalism,distortedstories,andmisleadingimagesforthesolepurposeofboostingnewspapersalesandexcitingpublicopinion.Itwasparticularlyindicativeoftwopapersfoundedandpopularizedinthelate19thcentury-TheNewYorkWorld,runbyJosephPulitzerandTheNewYorkJournal,runbyWilliamRandolphHearst.

Thereareusuallyfivebasicelementsinnews:

who,what,why,when,where,how.

Hardnewsvs.Softnews

Hardnewsgenerallyreferstoup-to-the-minutenewsandeventsthatarereportedimmediately.

Softnewsisbackgroundinformationorhuman-intereststories,whichappealtopeople'scuriosity,sympathy,skepticism,oramazement.

Newsvalueandpublicinterest

Newsvaluereferstotheimportanceofthefactsanddetailsinthenewsthatsatisfythepublic'sinterestinnews.

Publicinterestmeansthedegreeofattentionthatreaderspaytothenewsreports.

♦Newspapereditorsdeterminethenewsworthinessofareportbythefollowingprinciples:

A）Timeliness

B）Proximity

C）Conflicts

D）Prominence（eminence）

E）Consequenceorimpact

F）Humaninterest

Otherfactorsdeterminingnewsvalue:

Instinctsofeditorsandreporters;Theaudience;Thenewshole;Availabilityofnews;Philosophyofthemediaoutlet;Pressurefrompublishers;Influenceofadvertisers;Competitionamongmedia

Sourcesofnewsandnewsagencies

Whatarenewsagencies?

Organizationsthatcollect,transmit,anddistributenewstonewspapers,periodicals,television,radio,andotherjournalisticandmasscommunicationmedia.

Thelargestworldwidenewsservice:

theAssociatedPress（AP）,（美联社），1848,USA,

Othermajornewsagenciesoftheworld:

1.Reuters,1851,Britain,oneofthelargestEuropeanpressagencies.（路透社）.

2.theUnitedPressInternational,（UPI）1907,USA.（合众国际社）

3.AgenceFrancePresse,（AFP）,1835,France.（法新社）

4.XinhuaNewsAgency,1931,People'sRepublicofChina.（新华社）

5.KyodoNewsAgency,1945,Japan（日本共同通讯社，共同社）

6.DeutschePresseAgentur（DPA）,1949.（德意志新闻社，德新社）

7.InformationTelegraphicAgencyofRussia（ITA-TASS）,1917,Russia

（俄通社一塔斯社，俄塔社）

Marktwainoncesaid:

thereareonlytwoforcesthatcancarrylighttoallcomersoftheglobe,thesuninheheavensandtheAssociatedPress（美国）downhere.

LegalandEthicalIssuesofJournalism

Legalareasofparticularconcerntoreporters:

1.libel（诽谤）2.newsroomsearches3.protectionof（news）sources4.invasionofprivacy

Thecodeofethicsinjournalism（新闻职业道德）

（1）Responsibility

Journalistsshouldnotusetheirprofessionalstatusasrepresentativesofthepublicforselfishorotherunworthymotives.

（2）Freedomofthepress新闻自由

Journalistsshouldbefreefromgovernmentcontrolorcensorship.

（3）Accuracyandobjectivity准确客观

Truthistheultimategoal.Objectivityinreportingthenewsisanothergoal.

ChapterTwo

TheNewspaper:

itsediting,structureandstyle

Whatarenewspapers?

（p27）

—publicationsusuallyissuedonadailyorweeklybasis,themainfunctionofwhichistoreportthenews.

■Whatdonewspapersprovide?

（p27）

---newsandcommentaries,variouspublicpolicies,specialinformationandadvicetoreaders,featuressuchascomicstrips,cartoons,andserializedbooks.

MajorAmericanandBritishnewspapers

TopdailynewspapersinBritain

TheTimes

TheGuardian

TheObserver

TheFinancialTimes

TheDailyTelegraph

DailyMirror

TheSun

TopdailynewspapersinU.S.A.

TheWallStreetJournal

TheInternationalHeraldTribune

USAToday

TheNewYorkTimes

WashingtonPost

TheNewYorkDailyNews

TheLosAngelesTimes

TheChicagoTribune

TheChristianScienceMonitor

Thefrontpageofanewspaper

Features:

1）.Aleadstory

themostimportantpolitical,economicand/ormilitaryevent,sometimesaccompaniedbyarelevantphoto.

2）.Newsindexorbrief

onthesideorbottompartofthefrontpage.

3）.Theheadlines

briefbutimpactive（Howtoachievethisgoal?

）

4）.Oftenwithfeworevennoadvertisements

ChapterThree

MagazinesandNewsMagazines

Typesofmagazines：

Popularmagazines（e.g.ReadersDigest）流行杂志

Newsmagazines（e.g.TIME）新闻杂志

Academicjournals（e.g.Language）学术杂志

ToppopularmagazinesintheU.S.A

ModemMaturity

Reader,sDigest

TVGuide

NationalGeographic

BetterHomesandGardens

Pictorials（e.g.NationalGeographic）图片杂志

ThemostcommonnewsmagazinesintheUnitedStatesare:

Time,NewsweekandTheU.S.NewsandWorldReport.AmongtheimportantjournalsinBritainare:

TheEconomist,TheNewStatesman;TheSpectatoro

FamilyCircle

GoodHousekeeping

LadiesHomeJournal

Woman'sDay

People

MajoreventsinthehistoryofEnglishmagazines（p40-43）

Thefirstmo