考研英语阅读复习.docx
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考研英语阅读复习
考研英语阅读复习
PassageOne（TheDevelopmentofCities）
MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion,itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses,anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion,theomnibuses,horserailways,commutertrains,andelectrictrolleyspulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmoredistantformcitycentersthantheywereinthepremodernera.In1850,forexample,thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrict;bytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhocouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork,shopping,andentertainment.Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfueledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920,forexample,some250,000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago,mostofthemlocatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod,another550,000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea.Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting,realestatedevelopersadded800,000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears–lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.
Ofcourse,manywereneveroccupied;therewasalwaysahugesurplusofsubdivided,butvacant,landaroundChicagoandothercities.Theseexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportation:
urbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes,particularlylandnearoroutsidecityborderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated,didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.
1. Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?
[A]Typesofmasstransportation.
[B]Instabilityofurbanlife.
[C]Howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse.
[D]Theeffectofmasstransportationonurbanexpansion.
2. WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?
[A]Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth.
[B]Toexemplifycitieswithandwithoutmasstransportation.
[C]Toshowmasstransportationchangedmanycities.
[D]Tocontrasttheirrateofgrowth.
3. Accordingtothepassage,whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?
[A]Itwasexpensive.
[B]Ithappenedtooslowly.
[C]Itwasunplanned.
[D]Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.
4. TheauthormentionsChicagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacity,
[A]thatislarge.
[B]thatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopment.
[C]wherethedevelopmentoflandexceededpopulationgrowth.
[D]withanexcellentmasstransportationsystem.
Vocabulary
1. revise 改动
2. fabric 构造
3. catalyze 催化，加速
4. sortout 把……分门别类，拣选
5. omnibus 公共汽车/马车
6. trolley （美）有轨电车，（英）无轨电车
7. periphery 周围，边缘
8. sprawl 修建物有方案延伸，蔓延，四面八方散开
9. lot 小片土地
10. underscore 强调，在上面划横线
11. transitlines 运输线路
12. subdivision （出售的）小块土地，再划分小区
写作办法与文章粗心
文章阐述了“公共交通从三方面改动了城市的社会和经济构造。
”采用分类写法。
文章一开端就提出三方面：
第一，促进城市本质性的扩展；第二，把人和土地分民别类加以应用；第三，加速了城市生活的不波动性。
然后就是三方面的详细内容。
答案详解
1. D公共交通运输对城市扩展的影响。
文章开门见山提出这一点“公共交通运输从三个根本方面改动了美国城市的社会和经济构造。
”后面文章内容就是三方面的详细化。
A.公共交通运输类型。
B.城市生活的不波动性。
C.供需如何决议土地利用。
这三项文中作为详细成绩提到，并不是文章触及的主要标题。
2. C阐明公共交通改动了许多城市。
答案箭第一段第四句“举例说，1850年，波士顿市界离老的商业地域几乎不到2英里，到了这世纪末，其半径扩至10英里。
如今供得起的人们可以住得很远，远离老的城市中心，依然来回去那里上班、购物和娱乐”。
第七句，“举例说，在1890至1920年时期，据记载，芝加哥市界内有约250，000个新的住宅楼区大多数设在郊区。
经过异样这段时期，郊区外，但仍在芝加哥大都市地域内，又方案建造了550，000个住宅楼区。
”
A.表示生长的正反两方面效果。
B.举有无公共交通运输的城市为例。
D.比照两者生长率；都不是本文中举两城市例子的目的。
3. C没有方案。
见第二段第三句起“城市扩展蔓延根本有方案，好几千个小的投资商中止扩展，毫不思索互相协分配合应用土地，也不思索将来土地利用。
”
A.太贵和B.太慢，两个选项，文内没有提。
D.它创造了对公共交通运输的需求。
这不是住宅扩展的一个缺陷，而是三个根本改动城市的一个方面。
见第一段第三句：
“经过大批开发未占土地扩建住宅，公共汽车、马车、铁路、来回火车，有轨电车把已有人定居的寓居区向外扩展了三四倍，比他们先古代时期的市中心更远。
”
4. C（第二段中以芝加哥城市例子阐明）土地开发逾越人口增长速度。
答案详见第二段“这些置办和置备土地建立住宅，特别是置办临近城市或就在市界外的土地，抢在交通线路和中产阶级的居民出来之前。
他们这样做的目的是创造一种需求，也是呼应这种需求。
芝加哥就是这种进程的典型例子。
那里的房地产小块土地比人口增长快得很多很多。
”
A.城市大。
B.用作土地开发的样板。
D.具有优越的公共的交通零碎。
PassageTwo（Holmes’Knowledge）
Hisignorancewasasremarkableashisknowledge.Ofcontemporaryliterature,philosophyandpoliticsheappearedtoknownexttonothing.UponmyquotingThomasCarlyle,heinquiredinthenaivestwaywhohemightbeandwhathehaddone.Mysurprisereachedaclimax,however,whenIfoundincidentallythathewasignorantoftheCopernicanTheoryandofthecompositionoftheSolarsystem.
“Youappeartobeastonished,”Holmessaid,smilingatmyexpression.“NowthatIdoknowitIshalldomybesttoforgetit.Yousee,Iconsiderthataman’sbrainoriginallyislikealittleemptyattic,andyouhavetostockitwithsuchfurnitureasyouchoose:
Afooltakesinallthelumberofeverysortthathecomesacross,sothattheknowledgewhichmightbeusefultohimgetscrowdedout,oratbestjumbledupwithalotofotherthings,sothathehasdifficultyinlayinghishanduponit.Itisamistaketothinkthatthelittleroomhaselasticwallsandcandistendtoanyextent.Dependuponit,therecomesatimewhenforeveryadditionofknowledgeyouforgetsomethingthatyouknowbefore.Itisofthehighestimportance,therefore,nottohaveuselessfactselbowingouttheusefulones.”
“ButtheSolarSystem!
”Iprotested.
“Whatthedeuceisittome?
”heinterruptedimpatiently.
Onemorning,Ipickedupamagazinefromthetableandattemptedtowhileawaythetimewithit,whilemycompanionmunchedsilentlyathistoast.Oneofthearticleshadapencilmarkattheheading,andInaturallybegantorunmyeyethroughit.
Itssomewhatambitioustitlewas“TheBookofLife,”anditattemptedtoshowhowmuchanobservantmanmightlearnbyanaccurateandsystematicexaminationofallthatcameinhisway.Itstruckmeasbeingaremarkablemixtureofshrewdnessandofabsurdity.Thereasoningwascloseandintense,butthedeductionappearedtometobefar-fetchedandexaggerated.Thewriterclaimedbyamomentaryexpression,atwitchofamuscleoraglanceofaneye,tofathomaman’sinmostthought.Deceit,accordingtohim,wasimpossibilityinthecaseofonetrainedtoobservationandanalysis.HisconclusionswereasinfallibleassomanypropositionsofEuclid.Sostartlingwouldhisresultsappeartotheuninitiatedthatuntiltheylearnedtheprocessesbywhichhehadarrivedatthemtheymightwellconsiderhimasanecromancer.
“Fromadropofwater,”saidthewriter,“alogiciancouldinferthepossibilityofanAtlantic.Soalllifeisagreatchain,thenatureofwhichisknownwheneverweareshownasinglelinkofit.Likeallotherarts,thescienceofDeductionandAnalysisisonewhichcanbeacquiredbylongandpatientstudy,norislifelongenoughtoallowanymortaltoattainthehighestpossibleperfectioninit.”
ThissmartlywrittenpieceoftheoryIcouldnotacceptuntilasuccessionofevidencesjustifiedit.
透人之本质，一点水能知大西洋。
这种一叶知秋的身手是经过长期察看、分析研究而得。
也就是说，经过察看分析，人可以变得敏感聪明，因为万物都有联络。
PassageThree（WomenandFashions）
Wheneveryouseeanoldfilm,evenonemadeaslittleastenyearsago,youcannothelpbeingstruckbytheappearanceofthewomentakingpart.Theirhair-stylesandmake-uplookdated;theirskirtslookeithertoolongortooshort;theirgeneralappearanceis,infact,slightlyludicrous.Thementakingpartinthefilm,ontheotherhand,areclearlyrecognizable.Thereisnothingabouttheirappearancetosuggestthattheybelongtoanentirelydifferentage.
Thisillusioniscreatedbychangingfashions.Overtheyear,thegreatmajorityofmenhavesuccessfullyresistedallattemptstomakethemchangetheirstyleofdress.Thesamecannotbesaidforwomen.Eachyearafewso-calledtopdesignersinParisorLondonlaydownthelawandwomenthewholeworldoverrushtoobey.Thedecreesofthedesignersareunpredictableanddictatorial.Thisyear,theydecideintheirarbitraryfashion,skirtswillbeshortandwaistswillbehigh;zipsareinandbuttonsareout.Nextyearthelawisreversedandfarfromtakingexception,nooneisevenmildlysurprised.
Ifwomenaremercilesslyexploitedyearafteryear,theyhaveonlythemselvestoblame.Becausetheyshudderatthethoughtofbeingseeninpublicinclothesthatareoutoffashion,theyareannuallyblack-mailedbythedesignersandthebigstores.Clothes,whichhavebeenworn,onlyafewtimeshavetobediscardedbecauseofthedictatesoffashion.Whenyoucometothinkofit,onlyawomeniscapableofstandinginfrontofawardrobepackedfullofclothesandannouncingsadlythatshehasnothingtowear.
Changingfashionsarenothingmorethanthedeliberatecreationofwaste.Manywomensquandervastsumsofmoneyeachyeartoreplaceclothesthathavehardlybeenworn.Women,whocannotaffordtodiscardclothinginthisway,wastehoursoftheirtimealteringthedressestheyhave.Hem-limesaretakenuporletdown;waist-linesaretakeninorletout;neck-linesareloweredorraised,andsoon.
Noonecanclaimthatthefashionin
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