Enneagram九型人格英文版百科.docx

Enneagram九型人格英文版百科.docx

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Enneagram九型人格英文版百科

TheEnneagram（alsosometimescalledEnneagon）isanine-pointedgeometricfigure.ThetermderivesfromtwoGreekwords-ennea（nine）andgrammos（somethingwrittenordrawn）.

TheintroductionoftheEnneagramfigureiscreditedto,whointroduceditinhisteachingsasauniversalsymbolwhichdisplaysthefundamentalcosmiclaws.Gurdjieffdidnotdisclosewherethefigureoriginallycamefrombesidesclaimingthatitwastheemblemofsecretsocieties.

TheEnneagramfigureisnowusedforvariouspurposesinanumberofdifferentteachingsystems.InmorerecentyearsthefigurehasmostlycomeintoprominencebecauseofitsusewithwhatisoftencalledtheEnneagramofPersonality.ThefundamentalconceptsoftheEnneagramofPersonalityareattributedtoOscarIchazo.

Enneagramsshownassequentialstellations

Inanenneagramisaregularnine-sided,usingthesamepointsastheregularbutconnectedinfixedsteps.

Ithastwoforms:

{9/2}and{9/4}connectingevery2ndandevery4thpointsrespectively.Thereisalsoastarfigure,{9/3},madefromtheregularenneagonpointsbutconnectedasacompoundofthreeequilateraltriangles

ThemodernuseoftheEnneagramfigureisgenerallycreditedtoandhisteachingtradition.HisteachingsconcerningthefigureandwhatitrepresentsdoesnothaveanydirectconnectiontothelaterteachingsbyOscarIchazoandothersconcerningego-fixationsorpersonalitytypes.

Theenneagramfigureisacirclewithninepoints.Inscribedwithinthecircleisatriangletakinginpoints9,3and6.Theinscribedfigureresemblingaweblinkstheothersixpointsinacyclicfigure1-4-2-8-5-7.Therulesofthemagicnumbercanbeappliedtotheenneagram'sexplanationsofprocesses.

AccordingtoGurdjieff,theenneagramisthesymbolofthe"lawofseven"and"thelawofthree"combined（thetwofundamentallawswhichgoverntheuniverse）,andthereforetheenneagramcanbeusedtodescribeanynaturalwholephenomenon,cosmos,processinlife,oranyotherpieceofknowledge.

AbasicexampleofthepossibleusageoftheenneagramisthatitcanbeusedtoillustrateGurdjieff'sconceptoftheevolutionofthethreetypesof‘food’necessaryforaman:

ordinaryfood,airandimpressions.Eachpointontheenneagraminthiscasewouldrepresentthestageandthepossibilityoffurtherevolutionoffoodatacertainstageinthehumanbody.

Mostprocessesontheenneagramarerepresentedthroughoctaveswherethepointsserveasthenotes;aconceptwhichisderivedfromGurdjieff’sideaofthelawofseven.Inanoctavethedevelopingprocesscomestoacriticalpoint（oneofthetrianglepoints）atwhichhelpfromoutsideisneededforittorightlycontinue.Thisconceptisbestillustratedonthekeysofthepianowhereeverywhitekeywouldrepresentanenneagramwebpoint.Theadjacentwhitekeyswhicharemissingablackkey（halfnote）inbetweenrepresenttheenneagramwebpointswhichhaveatrianglepointinbetween.Inorderthatthispointwouldpassontothenext,anexternalpushisrequired.

Intheenneagramaprocessisdepictedasgoingrightaroundthecirclebeginningat9（theendingpointofapreviousprocess）.Theprocesscancontinueuntilitreachespoint3.Atpointthreeanexternalaidisneededinorderthattheprocesscontinues.Ifitdoesn'treceivethe‘help’,theprocesswillstopevolvingandwilldevolvebackintotheformfromwhichitevolved.Theprocesscontinuesuntilpoint6,andlater9,whereasimilar"push"isneeded.Iftheprocesspassespoint9,theinitialprocesswillend,whilegivingbirthtoanewone.

ThelineofdevelopmentassociatedwiththeFourthWaydevelopedfromthewritingsofGurdjieff'sstudents-principally,,and.TheydevelopedGurdjieff'sideasandlefttheirownaccounts.ThereisanextensivebibliographydevotedtotheGurdjieff-Ouspenskytradition.

AGurdjiefffoundationexistswhichclaimsanauthoritybasedonalineofsuccessiondirectlythroughMrGurdjieff.ThefoundationpreservesGurdjieff'smusicandmovementsandcontinuesitsownworkwiththeEnneagramfigure.

Theenneagramasastructuredprocesswasstudiedbyandhisassociates.BennettshowedhowitappliedtosomethingasmundaneasarestaurantaswellastosomethingasspiritualastheBeatitudes.Itiscurrentlybeingusedtoexplicatetheideaofself-organizationinmanagement.

TheEnneagramofPersonalityisderivedfrom（establishedin.Court970F.2d1067,1075.2ndCircuit,1992）partialunderstandingsoftheinsightsofOscarIchazo.,theBolivian-bornfounderofthe（establishedin1968）.NoevidencehasappearedbeforeIchazo'sofferingsforusingtheEnneagramfigurewithconceptssuchas"egofixations"or"personalitytypes"orindeedinanywaywhereeachpointisdescribedinawaythatcanbeviewedasatypology.AllhistoricaldocumentationofthiskindofterminologyappearsonlyafterIchazo'soriginalteachings.

Ichazoclaimsthatsometimeinthe1950shereceivedinsightintohowcertainmechanisticandrepetitivethoughtandbehaviorpatternscanbeunderstoodinconnectionwiththeEnneagramfigureandwithwhathecalledTrialecticlogicaspartofacompleteandintegratedmodelofthehumanpsyche.ThepurposeofIchazo'steachingswastohelppeopletranscendtheiridentificationwith-andthesufferingcausedby-theirownmechanisticthoughtandbehaviorpatterns.

Thetheorywasfoundeduponthebasicpremisethatalllifeseekstocontinueandperpetuateitselfandthehumanpsychemustfollowthesamecommonlawsofrealityassuch.Fromthis,Ichazodefinedthreebasichumaninstinctsforsurvival（Conservation,RelationsandAdaptation）andtwopolesofattractiontoself-perpetuation（SexualandSpiritual）.Withabaselineofapsycheinastateofunityasaprototypicalmodel,theFixationsweredefinedasaberrationsfromthisbaseline,muchastheDSMisanobservationallybasedtoolforrecognizingpersonalitydisorders.Infact,IchazohasrelatedtheFixationswiththeDSMcategoriestoshowthatFixationsaretheprecursortomentalillness.EachFixationisdiagnosedfromtheparticularexperienceofpsychologicaltraumaachildsufferswhenthechild'sexpectationsarenotmetineachrespectiveInstinct.Sinceachildiscompletelyself-centeredinitsexpectations,itisinevitablethatthechildwillexperiencedisappointmentofexpectationviewedbythechildasamatterofoneofthethreefundamentalattitudes（attracted,unattractedordisinterestedaretheonlypossibleattitudes）,andthusexperiencetraumaandbegintoformmechanisticthoughtandbehaviorpatternsinanattempttoprotectitselffromexperiencingarecurrenceofthetrauma.

Thisbasic,irrefutableunderstandingofthreefundamentalInstinctsandthreepossibleattitudesalongwiththeunderstandingthatahumanbeingcanbeinastateofunity,analyzedwithTrialecticlogicformsasolidfoundationuponwhichthetheoryofFixationsisbased.Assuch,thetheoryofegoFixationshasaparticularfoundationwhichcanbetested.Theideaof"PersonalityTypes"isaninventionofintuitionwithoutanyparticularfoundationbeyondthetheoryofegoFixations,andassuchcanbeinterpretedtomeanwhateveranyoftheEnneagramofPersonalityproponentschoosesittomeanwhenevertheychoosetosointerpretit.Thusweunderstandwhythereisnospecific,solidagreementamongthevariousproponentsof"Personality"assomethingobjectiveandanythingmorethanapropositiontoobfuscatehumansuffering.

Byunderstandingone'sFixationsandthroughselfobservation,theholdonthemind,andsufferingcausedbytheFixations,isreducedandeventranscended.TherewasneveranintentionorpurposeinIchazo'soriginalworktousethisknowledgetoreinforceormanipulatewhatisessentiallyasourceofhumansuffering.ThereforealmostalllaterinterpretationsoftheEnneagramofPersonalityareviewedbyIchazoasunfoundedandthereforemisguidedandpsychologicallyharmfulaswellasspirituallyharmful（inthesenseofcomingtoseeone'sprocessassuch）inlightofhisoriginalintentions.Inotherwords,theEnneagramMovementcanbeconsidered,inmostcases,toactuallybepromotingthestrengtheningofthebasisforthepersonalitydisorderswefindexpositionsofintheDSM.

Fromthe1970sIchazo'spartialandmisunderstoodEnneagramteachingswereadaptedanddevelopedbyanumberofothers,firstbytheChilean-bornpsychiatrist,,whowasamemberofatrainingprograminArica,ChilewithIchazoforsomemonthsin1969.NaranjotaughthisunderstandingoftheEnneagramofPersonalitytoanumberofhisAmericanstudents,includingsomeJesuitpriestswhothentaughtittoseminarians.

ItisbelievedbyEnneagramtheoriststhatthepointsoftheEnneagramfigureindicateanumberofwaysinwhichnineprincipalego-archetypalformsortypesofhumanpersonality（alsooftencalled"Enneatypes"）arepsychologicallyconnected.Theseninetypesareoftengivennamesthatindicatesomeoftheirmoredistinctivelytypicalcharacteristics.Suchnamesareinsufficienttocapturethecomplexitiesandnuancesofthetypeswhichrequirestudyandobservationtounderstandindepth.

SomebriefdescriptionsoftheEnneatypesareasfollows:

:

Reformer,Critic,Perfectionist-Thistypefocusesonintegrity.Onescanbewise,discerningandinspiringintheirquestforthetruth.Theyalsotendtodissociatethemselvesfromtheirflawsorwhattheybelieveareflaws（suchasnegativeemotions）andcanbecomehypocriticalandhyper-criticalofothers,seekingtheillusionofvirtuetohidetheirownvices.TheOne'sgreatestfearistobeflawedandtheirultimategoalisperfection.Thecorresponding"deadlysin"OnesisAngerandtheir"holyidea