学习k12精品高考英语二轮专题训练专题四任务型阅读第三讲含答案.docx
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学习k12精品高考英语二轮专题训练专题四任务型阅读第三讲含答案
第三讲│信息概括题
这类题目难度大、要求高、得分低,考生要在透彻理解文章的基础上,根据文中相关信息综合分析后提炼出新词。
此类题目主要分为两种类型:
(1)总结性词汇。
设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。
解题关键
(2)归纳词。
有的题目在原文中可能找不到具体的信息句。
这就要求我们首先要确定信息区域,然后对该区域进行认真地分析归纳。
解题关键
[注意] 信息概括题有时必须结合表格本身才能正确解答。
[典例1] (2017·江苏高考)Statisticsshowthattheaveragenumberofbirthsperwomanhasfallenfrom4.9intheearly1960sto2.5nowadays.Furthermore,around50%oftheworld’spopulationliveinregionswherethefigureisnowbelowthereplacementlevel(i.e.2.1birthsperwoman)andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate.Youmightthinkthatdevelopingnationswouldmakeuptheloss(especiallysince80%oftheworld’speoplenowliveinsuchnations),butyou’dbewrong.Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo,whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.
Itwouldbedifficultfordevelopedcountriestomaintainthe(72)________ofpopulation.
分析 第一步:
根据题干大意可定位到文章第二段。
第二步:
根据第二段内容,特别是“almostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacementbirthrate”和“Decliningbirthrateisamajorprobleminmanydevelopingregionstoo,whichmightcausecatastrophicglobalshortagesofworkforcewithinafewdecades.”可知,发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。
size/scale表示“尺寸,大小,规模”,符合文意。
第三步:
确定答案为size/scale。
[典例2] (2017·江苏高考)InthenorthofIndia,thepopulationisboomingduetohighbirthrates,butinthesouth,wheremosteconomicdevelopmentistakingplace,birthrateisfallingrapidly.Inafurthertwist,birthrateishighestinpoorlyeducatedruralareasandlowestinhighlyeducatedurbanareas.Intotal,25%ofIndia’sworking-agepopulationhasnoeducation.In2030,asixthofthecountry’spotentialworkforcecouldbetotallyuneducated.
Leavingasidethebirthrateissue,India’seconomymaytakeoffwhenthecountryachieves(78)________ofeducationalopportunity.
分析:
第一步:
根据题干中的“India’seconomy”以及“educational”,可以定位到文章第五段。
第二步:
根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论:
印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化,它的经济会有大的增长。
第三步:
确定答案为equality。
[知识链接1] 信息概括常用词
1.原因与结果:
reason(for),result;cause(of),consequence
2.异同点与优缺点:
difference,similarity;advantage,disadvantage
3.功能:
function
4.观点与态度:
opinion,view(on/about),viewpoint,idea;attitude(to/towards)
5.评论与评价:
comment(on),remark(on/upon),assessment
6.方式与方法:
means,way,method(of);solution,approach(todoingsth);(take)measures(todosth)
7.目的:
purpose,aim,goal
8.积极与消极:
positive,negative
9.建议:
advice,suggestion,tip
10.概括与总结:
summary,conclusion
11.特点:
feature,characteristic
12.种类:
kind,type,category,class
13.精神上与身体上:
mentally,physically
14.影响:
influence,impact,effect(on)
15.情形,状况:
situation,condition
16.方面与项目条款:
aspect,item
17.材料:
materials
18.知识与消息:
knowledge,information
19.日程计划:
schedule,agenda
20.百分比:
percentage
21.性别:
sex
22.年龄:
age
23.(不)熟悉:
familiar/unfamiliar
24.个人,个人的:
individual
25.细节:
description,detail
26.文化:
culture
27.责任:
(take)responsibility
28.贡献:
(make)contributions(to)
29.重要:
value,importance,significance
30.比较:
contrast,comparison
31.时期:
period,time
32.存在:
existence,exist
33.人口:
population
34.天气与气候:
weather,climate
35.位置:
location
36.主题:
theme
37.背景:
setting,background
38.情节:
plot
39.高潮:
climax
40.反对者与支持者:
opponent,supporter
[知识链接2] 同义替换常考词汇
1
resultfrom=arisefrom由……导致
2
atrandom=randomly随意地
3
inparticular=particularly尤其,特别
4
inpeace=peacefully平静地;安宁地
5
inadvance=aheadoftime(schedule)预先
6
inpart=partly在一定程度上
7
insilence=silently寂静地,沉默地
8
inharmony=harmoniously和谐地
9
beaccusedof=bechargedwith被指控
10
putforward=comeupwith提出
11
onbehalfof=represent代表
12
showup=turnup=appear出现
13
includingsth=sthincluded包括某物
14
beexposedto=exposureto暴露于,接触到
15
accountfor=makeup占据……比例
16
lacksth=beshortofsth=belackinginsth缺少某物
17
athand=handy在手边
18
escapefrom=flee逃离
19
stand/bear/tolerate/putupwith忍受
20
atthesametime=meanwhile同时
21
makefunof=laughat=tease=mock取笑
22
treatsbbadly=abusesb虐待某人
23
takepridein=beproudof对……感到自豪
24
bedressedin=wearsth穿着……
25
burstintotears=burstoutcrying突然大哭
26
lookafter=takecareof=attendto照顾
27
compensatefor=makeupfor补偿
28
online=ontheInternet在网上
29
matter/count/beimportant重要
30
catchon=popularize流行
31
takeup=occupy占据
32
believein=trust信任
33
takeinsth=absorbsth理解,吸收某物
34
starvetodeath=dieofhunger/starvation饿死
35
accompanysb=keepsbcompany陪伴某人
36
turntosbforhelp=asksbforhelp向某人求助
37
100years=1century=10decades100年
38
afortnight=twoweeks两周
39
everyyear=yearly=annual每年的
40
36=3dozen3打
41
facesth=befacedwithsth面对某事
42
facingsth=facedwithsth(状语)面临某事
43
support=beinfavorof=favor=subscribeto支持
44
beofuse/value=beuseful/valuable对……有用
45
dowith=dealwith=copewith=handle处理
46
beabsorbedin=belostin=beburiedin专心于……
47
objecttodoingsth=opposedoingsth=beopposedtodoingsth=raiseanobjectiontodoingsth反对做某事
48
convincesb=makesbconvinced使某人信服
49
theremainingmoney=themoneyleft剩下的钱
50
nowandthen=sometimes=occasionally有时
51
makeanapologytosb=apologizetosb向某人道歉
52
avarietyof+n.=varietiesof+n.=various+n.各种各样的……
53
makefulluseof=makethemost(best)of=takeadvantageof利用
54
berelatedto=beassociatedwith=belinkedto=beconnectedwith跟……有关
55
putoffdoing=delaydoing=postponedoing=buytimetodo推迟做
56
anapproachtodoingsth=awayofdoingsth=awaytodosth=howtodosth做某事的方法
57
replaceBwithA=substituteAforB=taketheplaceofBwithA用A替代B
58
resemble=looklike=besimilarto=beararesemblanceto像,类似于
59
sbmakessenseofsth=sbunderstandssth某人明白某事
60
beaccessibleto=haveaccessto=beavailableto可获得的
61
bedrunkwith=beaddictedto=behookedon沉迷于
62
managetodosth=succeedindoingsth(设法)做成某事
63
tobehonest/frank/strict=honestly/frankly/strictlyspeaking坦率地/直白地/严格地说
64
betired/sickof=beboredwith=befedupwith对……感到厌倦
65
haveanedge/advantageover=besuperiorto=bebetterthan胜过,比……强
66
beconsistentwith=beinlinewith=correspondwith=agreewith与……相一致
67
taketheplaceofA=beinplaceofA=replaceA取代A
68
atyourconvenience=whenitisconvenientforyou当你方便时
69
onone’sown=byonself=alone独自地
70
beaware/consciousof=realize=recognize意识到
71
beresponsiblefor=takeresponsibilityfor=answerfor对……负责
72
inspiteof/despite+短语=though/although/while/as+句子虽然(用as要倒装)
73
beyondbelief=incredible=unbelievable难以置信的
74
outofthequestion=impossible不可能的
outofquestion=noproblem没问题
75
beunawareof=failtonotice=overlook=ignore=neglect忽视
76
stress/underline/emphasizetheimportanceofsth强调某事/物的重要性
77
sthbenefitssb=sthbebeneficialtosb=sthbeofbenefittosb=sbbenefitsfromsth某人从某事中受益
78
makepreparationsfor=beinpreparationsfor=preparefor为……做准备
79
takeanactivepartinsth=takepartinsthactively积极参加某事
haveapositiveinfluenceon=influencesthpositively
对某物有积极影响
80
sthkillssb=sthcostssbthelife=sthclaimsone’slife某物杀了某人
81
betiredout=bewornout=beexhausted=beburntout=beweary累坏了
82
comeintobeing/existence=form/exist存在,形成
83
makeone’sdreamcometrue=realize/achieveone’sdream实现某人的梦想
84
beover=end=put...toanend=cometoanend结束
85
don’t/neverdo=avoiddoing=keepawayfromdoing
避免做
86
beabletodosth=becapableofdoingsth能够做某事
87
useup=runoutof用光
runout=giveout=beusedup耗尽
88
causesbtoparticipateinsth=involvesbinsth让某人参加某事
89
AberesponsibleforB=Acauses/resultsin/leadstoB
A是B的起因
90
bringabout/resultin/leadto/contributeto/accountfor/cause/makefor导致
A
(2018·苏北四市高三第一次调研)
Ownershipusedtobeaboutasstraightforwardaswritingacheque.Ifyouboughtsomething,youownedit.Ifyoubrokeit,youfixedit.Ifyounolongerwantedit,yousolditorthrewitaway.Somefirmsfoundwaysofsqueezingoutmoreprofitintheafter-saleservices,usingauthorizedrepairshops,andstrategiessuchassellingcheapprintersandexpensiveink,which,however,didnotchallengethenatureofownership.
Inthedigitalageownershiphasbecomemoreambiguous.Sincethearrivalofsmartphones,consumersareforcedtoacceptthattheydonotcontrolthesoftwareintheirdevices;theyareonlylicensedtouseit.Butasmoredigitaldevicesarespringingup,whoownsandwhocontrolswhichobjectsisbecomingaproblem.Buyersshouldbeawarethatsomeoftheirmostbasicpropertyrightsareunderthreat.
Needlesstosay,manufacturersseekingtorestrictwhatownersdowithincreasinglycomplextechnologyhavegoodreasonstoprotecttheircopyright,ensurethattheirmachinesdonotmalfunction(发生故障),maintainenvironmentalstandardsandpreventhacking.Sometimescompaniesusetheircontroloveraproduct’ssoftwarefortheowners’benefit.WhenHurricaneIrmahitFloridathismonth,Tesla,astart-upforelectricvehicles,remotelyupgradedthesoftwarecontrollingthebatteriesofsomemodelstogiveownersmorerangetoescapethestorm.
Themoredigitalstrings(数字串)areattachedtogoods,themorethebalanceofcontroltilts(倾斜)towardsproducersandawayfromowners.Alreadythishasgivenrisetocontroversy(争议)overowners’propertyrights.Itemsfromsmartphonestowashingmachineshavebecomeincreasinglyhardtofix,meaningthattheyarethrownawayinsteadofbeingrepaired.Privacyisalsoatrisk.UserswerealarmedwhenitcameoutthatiRobot,aroboticvacuumcleaner,notonlycleansthefloorbutcreatesadigitalmapofthehome’sinteriorthatcanthenbesoldtoadvertisersthoughthemanufacturersaysithasnointentionofdoingso.
Suchissuesshouldremindpeoplehowdesperatelytheyoughttoprotecttheirpropertyrights.InAmericathisideahasalreadytakenrootinthe“righttorepair”movement.InFranceappliance-makersmusttellbuyershowlongadeviceislikelytolast—asignofhowrepairableitis.Regulatorss